178000427 resilience final

RESILIENCE
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Introduction
Cities across the world, particularly urban areas where most of their occupants are poor
communities, face various long-term challenges in ensuring the well-being of their inhabitants.
Most of the difficulties experienced in the cities are closely related to climate change’s direct and
indirect impacts and are frequently amplified by the pre-existing vulnerability. Urban resilience
refers to the ability of municipalities to function such that people living and working in the cities,
specifically the poor and vulnerable, may survive and prosper regardless of the pressure or
shocks they face. This concept of resilience has been crucial in addressing the issue of climate
change and the threats that it brings, as well as in devising strategies to survive and flourish in
the face of climate change. Cities robust to climate change on three levels are referred to as
“urban resilience to climate change.” Individuals and organizations may incorporate these
demands into their day-to-day decisions, and the city’s institutional frameworks continue to
support people and organizations’ abilities to achieve their goals.
This article aims to present an overview of how climate change has affected Semarang City
in Indonesia, what actions have been taken, various estimates or plans for the future, and whether
Semarang City is resilient.
Effects of Climate Change on Semarang City
In recent years, Semarang has experienced substantial climatic change. The presence of
foreign corporations with industrial facilities in the city owing to cheap labor is one of the
region’s primary reasons for climate change. The globalization model has resulted in increased
utilization of dirty energy. Climate change affects numerous climate aspects in Semarang City,
Indonesia, including wind patterns, seawater elevation, rainfall, and temperature.
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Temperature
For the previous 100 years, the average temperature in Semarang has risen with each
season. During the wet season, the mean temperature of the city increase from 26 degrees C to
26.6 degrees C, while in the dry season, the mean temperature increases from 25.5 degrees C to
26.4 degrees C1. Semarang has high temperatures all year round, ranging between 30 degrees C
and 34 degrees C. September is the warmest month in the year in Semarang City. Temperature
rise can be ascribed to high levels of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emphasizes that our reliance on burning
fossil fuels has resulted in a rapid increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.
Increase in the Sea Level Rise
A study conducted by ACCCRN in 2010 indicates that Semarang City’s sea-level rise
was 7.8mm/year. The value is considered much higher than the global sea-level rise that was
approximately 2.8 to 4 mm/ear, according to a study conducted in 20132. The results highlight
that Semarang seawater levels have been rising since 1985. The various physical conditions
experienced in the city due to sea-level rise include flooding, soil erosion, and inundation. The
most affected regions are those with lower slopes that have locations searched as coastal plains
and coastal ridges. The combination of rising sea levels and land subsidence has resulted in the
inland movement of the coastline, which has increased the risk of flooding in the region. The
Seftiani, S., and Y. Astuti. “The vulnerability of urban area on climate change and dengue
haemorrhagic fever (DHF): Case study in Semarang City.” In IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science, vol. 739, no. 1, p. 012046. IOP Publishing, 2021.
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Sunaryo, Sunaryo, Ambariyanto Ambariyanto, Denny Nugroho Sugianto, Muhammad Helmi,
Awaluddin Halirin Kaimuddin, and Agus Indarjo. “Risk analysis of coastal disaster of Semarang
City, Indonesia.” In E3S Web of conferences, vol. 31, p. 12009. EDP Sciences, 2018.
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increase in sea level rise in the region has resulted in significant social-economic and physical
impacts considering the city’s population, infrastructure, and agricultural land are located in lowlying areas.
Depleted Water Supplies
The city is also experiencing clean water availability and quality challenges. The city’s
community water supplies challenges are mainly encountered during the dry season. Semarang
will experience extreme water supply by the year 20403. Climate change is the main cause of
depleted water supply in the city because it increases drought frequency and severity, which
results in severe drought season and water shortages in water-stressed areas in the city. Climate
change has resulted in a prolonged dry season in the city, which negatively impacts the
availability of clean. This has increased the number of people who do not have access to tap
water in the city by approximately 70 percent since 2010. However, the construction of the
Jatibarang Reservoir provides a positive implication, although it does not provide a complete
solution to the water problem in the city.
Threat to Food Security
Climate change poses a huge risk to food security in Semarang City. This is because
changes in climate impact evaporation, precipitation, and run-off soil moisture and water, which
can negatively impact agriculture and food security. The rise in sea levels in the city also affects
fish farms in the coastal region, affecting food production. Climate change also decreases soil
fertility by approximately 5 percent every year, resulting in reduced agricultural product yields in
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Ginandjar, P., L. D. Saraswati, D. R. Pangestuti, and S. P. Jati. “Implementation of Water Safety
Plans (WSPs): A Case Study in the Coastal Area in Semarang City, Indonesia.” In IOP Conference
Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 116, no. 1, p. 012029. IOP Publishing, 2018.
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the area4. Climate change has severe consequences on economic development and poverty
reduction in Semarang City. Most individuals living below the poverty line live in areas
vulnerable to flooding, landslides, and drought.
Responses to Climate Change in Semarang City
The municipal administration of Semarang has included a climate resilience strategy into
city planning. Several programs have been developed by the local authority to alleviate the
consequences of climate change on the city. These initiatives are particularly effective in
ensuring that the city’s local government and inhabitants take a long-term strategy to combat
climate change. The government has initiated structural measures and non-structural measures to
address the issue. The structural action involves improving various systems in the city such as
drainage, pumping station, land surface restructuring, and reclamation of land along the beach.
On the other hand, the non-structural measure by the local government involves the improvement
of the neighborhood through coastal planning and management.
The city has developed various rainwater harvesting systems on a household and
communal scale and some for school utilization. The local authority also focuses on providing
clean water to poor communities to reduce groundwater exploitation which is one of the main
causes of land subsidence5. The city has also developed various early warning systems
cooperating with government agencies, climate experts, and other stakeholders. The flood’s early
Rizal, Achmad, and Zuzy Anna. “Climate change and its possible food security implications
toward Indonesian marine and fisheries.” World News of Natural Sciences 22 (2019): 119-128.
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Dewi, S. P., N. S. Ristianti, and R. Kurniati. “Coastal settlement resilience to water-related disasters in
Semarang City.” In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 623, no. 1, p. 012067.
IOP Publishing, 2021.
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warning systems incorporate evacuation plans and flood shelters6. This approach effectively
reduces climate change vulnerability and disaster risk and enables the local communities to
prepare and mitigate damages. The public works agency in the city is well-informed about the
various areas that require infrastructure strengthening to reduce the impact of floods. Another
important resilience strategy in the city is the national project of the Jatibarang dam, which
started operating in 2014. The dam plays a significant role in reducing flooding by improving the
city’s drainage system and providing a solution to the water problem in the city. The provision of
water from the dam will prevent uncontrolled exploitation of groundwater which is responsible
for land subsidence in the town.
For all the government purchases in Semarang, the city has adopted a green procurement
strategy that includes energy efficiency and recycled material standards. The green procurement
policy also includes specific carbon emission reduction objectives for particular types of
equipment—the city carbon emission reduction strategy targets reducing emissions from air
conditioner use by 30 percent. The main aim of the green procurement policy is to reduce the
impact of carbon emissions on temperature levels in the city. Carbon dioxide is one of the main
causes of the increase in temperature.
Future Resilience Plans
In Semarang city, it is very clear how Semarang city resilience plans can qualify to be
implemented at the national level. To ensure the financial sustainability of the climate change
resilience work, in the long run, the city should effectively identify the key areas that the city’s
Susilowardhani, Arry. “The potential of strategic environmental assessment to address the
challenges of climate change to reduce the risks of disasters: a case study from Semarang,
Indonesia.” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 135 (2014): 3-9.
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financial resources should be allocated to. The Asian Cities Climate Change Resilient Network
(ACCCRN) major purpose is to provide reproducible examples of successful urban resilience
planning strategies that may be replicated in other cities throughout the Asian continent in the
future. The ACCRN focuses on continuous change in social structures and individual values and
beliefs to ensure climate change resilience.7 The implementation of the Semarang resilience
program shows that the Indonesian government is ready to implement climate change issues into
the current and future urban planning and development processes. Urban centers should focus on
coming up with resilience strategies that are both transformative and accommodate the local
communities’ culture and way of life. This approach will be very effective in reducing the
environmental, social, and economic impacts of climate change across the different urban centers
in the world.
Bahadur, Aditya, and Thomas Tanner. “Transformational resilience thinking: putting people,
power and politics at the heart of urban climate resilience.” Environment and Urbanization 26, no.
1 (2014): 200-214.
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Bibliography
Bahadur, Aditya, and Thomas Tanner. “Transformational resilience thinking: putting people,
power, and politics at the heart of urban climate resilience.” Environment and Urbanization 26,
no. 1 (2014): 200-214.
Dewi, S. P., N. S. Ristianti, and R. Kurniati. “Coastal settlement resilience to water-related
disasters in Semarang City.” In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,
vol. 623, no. 1, p. 012067. IOP Publishing, 2021.
Ginandjar, P., L. D. Saraswati, D. R. Pangestuti, and S. P. Jati. “Implementation of Water Safety
Plans (WSPs): A Case Study in the Coastal Area in Semarang City, Indonesia.” In IOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 116, no. 1, p. 012029. IOP
Publishing, 2018.
Klein, Naomi. “Hot money: how free market fundamentalism helped overheat the planet.” This
changes everything: capitalism vs. the climate. New York: Simon & Schuster (2014): 64-95.
Parenti, Christian. Tropic of chaos: Climate change and the new geography of violence. Bold Type
Books, 2011.
Rizal, Achmad, and Zuzy Anna. “Climate change and its possible food security implications
toward Indonesian marine and fisheries.” World News of Natural Sciences 22 (2019): 119-128.
Seftiani, S., and Y. Astuti. “The vulnerability of urban area on climate change and dengue
haemorrhagic fever (DHF): Case study in Semarang City.” In IOP Conference Series:
Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 739, no. 1, p. 012046. IOP Publishing, 2021.
Sunaryo, Sunaryo, Ambariyanto Ambariyanto, Denny Nugroho Sugianto, Muhammad Helmi,
Awaluddin Halirin Kaimuddin, and Agus Indarjo. “Risk analysis of coastal disaster of
Semarang City, Indonesia.” In E3S Web of conferences, vol. 31, p. 12009. EDP Sciences,
2018.
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Suryadi, Yadi, and Denny Nugroho Sugianto. “Climate Change In Indonesia (Case Study: Medan,
Palembang, Semarang).” In E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 31, p. 09017. EDP Sciences,
2018.
Susilowardhani, Arry. “The potential of strategic environmental assessment to address the
challenges of climate change to reduce the risks of disasters: a case study from Semarang,
Indonesia.” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 135 (2014): 3-9.
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