23 Guruhlash usuli(2 soat)

7-sinf, algebra.
(2 soatlik bayonnoma)
«_____» -____________, 20___-yil.
Mavzu: Guruhlash usuli.
1. Darsning maqsadi: ko‘phadni birhadga va ko‘phadga ko‘paytirish, birhad va ko‘phadni birhadga
bo‘lish, umumiy ko‘paytuvchini qavsdan tashqariga chiqarish, guruhlash usuli kabi mavzular
yuzasidan tushunchalar hosil qilish, o‘quvchilarning BKM larini shakllantirish, rivojlantirish va
mustahkamlash.
2. Darsning usuli: savol-javob, misol va masalalar yechish.
3. Darsning jihozi: DTS ko‘rgazmalari, tarqatma materiallar, kichik testlar.
DARSNING BORISHI:
1. Tashkiliy qism: o‘quvchilar bilan salomlashish, tozalikni tekshirish, davomatni aniqlash,
o‘quvchilarning dars mashg‘ulotlariga ruhiy jihatda tayyorliklarini aniqlash.
2. O‘tilgan mavzuni so‘rab baholash:
Savol: Ko‘phad birhadga qanday ko‘paytiriladi?
Javob: Ko‘phadni birhadga ko‘paytirish uchun ko‘phadning har bir hadini birhadga ko‘paytirish
va hosil bo‘lgan ko‘paytmalarni qo‘shish kerak.
Savol: Ko‘phad ko‘phadga qanday ko‘paytiriladi?
Javob: Ko‘phadni ko‘phadga ko‘paytirish uchun birinchi ko‘phadning har bir hadini ikkinchi
ko‘phadning har bir hadiga ko‘paytirish va hosil bo‘lgan ko‘paytmalarni qo‘shish kerak.
Savol: Ko‘phad birhadga qanday bo‘linadi?
Javob: Ko‘phadni birhadga bo‘lish uchun ko‘phadning har bir hadini shu birhadga bo‘lish va
hosil bo‘lgan natijalarni qo‘shish kerak.
Savol: Ko‘phadni ko‘paytuvchilarga ajratish deb nimaga aytiladi?
Javob: Ko‘phadni ikkita yoki bir nechta ko‘phadlar ko‘paytmasi shaklida ifodalash ko‘phadni
ko‘paytuvchilarga ajratish (yoyish) deyiladi.
3. O‘tilgan mavzuni mustahkamlasi: o‘quvchilar tushunmagan savollar va ularga tushunarsiz
bo‘lgan jumlalar aniq va hayotiy misollar yordamida tushunturilib beriladi.
4. Yangi mavzuning bayoni:
Yodda tuting: Ko‘phadni guruhlash yo‘li bilan ko‘paytuvchilarga ajratish mumkin. Buning
uchun:
1) Ko‘phadning hadlarini, ular ko‘phad shaklidagi umumiy ko‘paytuvchiga ega bo‘ladigan qilib,
guruhlarga birlashtiriladi;
2) Bu umumiy ko‘paytuvchini qavsdan chiqariladi.
Misol va masalalar yechish:
355-misol. Ko‘paytuvchilarga ajrating:
1) 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏) = (1 + 𝑐)(𝑎 + 𝑏);
2) 𝑚 − 𝑛 + 𝑝(𝑚 − 𝑛) = (𝑚 − 𝑛) + 𝑝(𝑚 − 𝑛) = (1 + 𝑝)(𝑚 − 𝑛);
3) 𝑥 + 3𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 3𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦) = (1 + 3𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑦);
4) 𝑥 + 2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 𝑦) + 2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑦) = (1 + 2𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑦).
356-misol. Ko‘paytuvchilarga ajrating:
1) (𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) = (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦);
2) (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) + 𝑎 − 𝑏 = (𝑎 − 𝑏 + 1)(𝑎 − 𝑏);
3) 2𝑚(𝑚 − 𝑛) + (𝑚 − 𝑛)2 = 2𝑚(𝑚 − 𝑛) + (𝑚 − 𝑛)(𝑚 − 𝑛) = (2𝑚 + 𝑚 − 𝑛)(𝑚 − 𝑛) =
= (3𝑚 − 𝑛)(𝑚 − 𝑛);
4) 4𝑞(𝑝 − 1) + (𝑝 − 1)2 = 4𝑞(𝑝 − 1) + (𝑝 − 1)(𝑝 − 1) = (4𝑞 + 𝑝 − 1)(𝑝 − 1).
357-misol. Ko‘paytuvchilarga ajrating:
1) 2𝑚(𝑚 − 𝑛) + 𝑚 − 𝑛 = 2𝑚(𝑚 − 𝑛) + (𝑚 − 𝑛) = (2𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 − 𝑛);
2) 4𝑞(𝑝 − 1) + 𝑝 − 1 = 4𝑞(𝑝 − 1) + (𝑝 − 1) = (4𝑞 + 1)(𝑝 − 1);
3) 2𝑚(𝑚 − 𝑛) − 𝑛 + 𝑚 = 2𝑚(𝑚 − 𝑛) + (𝑚 − 𝑛) = (2𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 − 𝑛);
4) 4𝑞(𝑝 − 1) + 1 − 𝑝 = 4𝑞(𝑝 − 1) − (𝑝 − 1) = (4𝑞 − 1)(𝑝 − 1).
358-misol. Ko‘paytuvchilarga ajrating:
1) 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑏𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑏(𝑐 − 𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑐) − 𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐) = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐);
2) 𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) + 𝑑𝑏 + 𝑑𝑐 = 𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) + 𝑑(𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑑)(𝑏 + 𝑐);
3) 3𝑎(2𝑏 + 𝑐) + 8𝑏 + 4𝑐 = 3𝑎(2𝑏 + 𝑐) + 4(2𝑏 + 𝑐) = (3𝑎 + 4)(2𝑏 + 𝑐);
4) 2𝑥(3𝑥 − 4𝑦) − 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 2𝑥(3𝑥 − 4𝑦) − 2(3𝑥 − 4𝑦) = (2𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 − 4𝑦).
360-misol. Ko‘paytuvchilarga ajrating:
1) 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑏𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑎 = 𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 𝑏 + 1) − 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑏 + 1) = (𝑦 2 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏 + 1);
2) 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑐𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 (𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐) − 𝑦(𝑎 − 𝑐 − 𝑏) = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦)(𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐);
361-misol. Hisoblang:
1) 139 ∙ 15 + 18 ∙ 139 + 15 ∙ 261 + 18 ∙ 261 = 15(139 + 261) + 18(139 + 261) =
= (15 + 18)(139 + 261) = 33 ∙ 400 = 13 200;
2) 125 ∙ 48 − 31 ∙ 82 − 31 ∙ 43 + 125 ∙ 83 = 125(48 + 83) − 31(82 + 43) = 125 ∙ 131 − 31 ∙ 125 =
= 16 375 − 3 875 = 12 500;
3) 14,7 ∙ 13 − 2 ∙ 14,7 + 13 ∙ 5,3 − 2 ∙ 5,3 = 14,7(13 − 2) + 5,3(13 − 2) = (14,7 + 5,3)(13 − 2) =
= 20 ∙ 11 = 220;
1
1
2
1
4
2
1
1
4
2
4) 3 3 ∙ 4 5 + 4,2 ∙ 3 + 3 3 ∙ 2 5 + 2,8 ∙ 3 = 3 3 (4 5 + 2 5) + 3 (4,2 + 2,8) =
= 4 ∙ 7 = 28.
10
3
2
10
2
∙ 7 + 3 ∙ 7 = ( 3 + 3) ∙ 7 =
362-misol. Ifodaning son qiymatini toping:
1) 5𝑎2 − 5𝑎𝑥 − 7𝑎 + 7𝑥, bunda 𝑥 = −3, 𝑎 = 4;
Yechilishi:
𝑎) 5𝑎2 − 5𝑎𝑥 − 7𝑎 + 7𝑥 = 5𝑎(𝑎 − 𝑥) − 7(𝑎 − 𝑥) = (5𝑎 − 7)(𝑎 − 𝑥);
𝑏) (5𝑎 − 7)(𝑎 − 𝑥) = (5 ∙ 4 − 7)(4 − (−3)) = (20 − 7)(4 + 3) = 13 ∙ 7 = 91.
2) 𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑛 − 3𝑚 + 3𝑛, bunda 𝑚 = 0,5, 𝑛 = 0,25;
Yechilishi:
𝑎) 𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑛 − 3𝑚 + 3𝑛 = 𝑚(𝑚 − 𝑛) − 3(𝑚 − 𝑛) = (𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 − 𝑛);
𝑏) (𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 − 𝑛) = (0,5 − 3)(0,5 − 0,25) = −2,5 ∙ 0,25 = −0,625.
3) 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 − 5𝑎 − 5𝑏, bunda 𝑎 = 6,6, 𝑏 = 0,4;
Yechilishi:
𝑎) 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 − 5𝑎 − 5𝑏 = 𝑎(𝑎 + 𝑏) − 5(𝑎 + 𝑏) = (𝑎 − 5)(𝑎 + 𝑏);
𝑏) (𝑎 − 5)(𝑎 + 𝑏) = (6,6 − 5)(6,6 + 0,4) = 1,6 ∙ 7 = 11,2.
7
4) 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑎 + 2𝑏, bunda 𝑎 = 20 , 𝑏 = 0,15;
Yechilishi:
𝑎) 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 𝑎(𝑎 − 𝑏) − 2(𝑎 − 𝑏) = (𝑎 − 2)(𝑎 − 𝑏);
7
7
33
20
33
𝑏) (𝑎 − 2)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = (20 − 2) (20 − 0,15) = (− 20) ∙ 100 = − 100 = −0,33.
363-misol. Hisoblang:
1) 2872 − 287 ∙ 48 + 239 ∙ 713 = 287(287 − 48) + 239 ∙ 713 = 287 ∙ 239 + 239 ∙ 713 =
= 239(287 + 713) = 239 ∙ 1 000 = 239 000;
2) 73,42 + 73,4 ∙ 17,2 − 90,6 ∙ 63,4 = 73,4(73,4 + 17,2) − 90,6 ∙ 63,4 = 73,4 ∙ 90,6 − 90,6 ∙ 63,4 =
= 90,6(73,4 − 63,4) = 90,6 ∙ 10 = 906.
5. O‘tilgan mavzuni mustahkamlash: o‘quvchilar tushunmagan savollarni aniq misollar yordamida
tushuntiraman.
6. O‘tilgan mavzuni so‘rab baholash:
Savol: Ko‘phad nima?
Javob: Birhadning algebraik yig‘indisi ko‘phad deyiladi.
Savol: Ko‘phadning hadlari nima?
Javob: Ko‘phadni tashkil qiluvchi birhadlar ko‘phadning hadlari deyiladi.
Savol: Ko‘phad birhadga qanday ko‘paytiriladi?
Javob: Ko‘phadni birhadga ko‘paytirish uchun ko‘phadning har bir hadini birhadga
ko‘paytirish va hosil bo‘lgan ko‘paytmalarni qo‘shish kerak.
Savol: Ko‘phad ko‘phadga qanday ko‘paytiriladi?
Javob: Ko‘phadni ko‘phadga ko‘paytirish uchun birinchi ko‘phadning har bir hadini ikkinchi
ko‘phadning har bir hadiga ko‘paytirish va hosil bo‘lgan ko‘paytmalarni qo‘shish kerak.
Savol: Ko‘phad birhadga qanday bo‘linadi?
Javob: Ko‘phadni birhadga bo‘lish uchun ko‘phadning har bir hadini shu birhadga bo‘lish va
hosil bo‘lgan natijalarni qo‘shish kerak.
Savol: Ko‘phadni ko‘paytuvchilarga ajratish deb nimaga aytiladi?
Javob: Ko‘phadni ikkita yoki bir nechta ko‘phadlar ko‘paytmasi shaklida ifodalash ko‘phadni
ko‘paytuvchilarga ajratish (yoyish) deyiladi.
7. Uyga vazifa: O‘tilgan mavzuni o‘qib o‘rganish va misollar yechish.
359-misol. Ko‘paytuvchilarga ajrating:
1) 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 − 2𝑎𝑑 − 2𝑏𝑑 = 𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏) − 2𝑑(𝑎 + 𝑏) = (𝑐 − 2𝑑)(𝑎 + 𝑏);
2) 𝑎𝑐 − 3𝑏𝑑 + 𝑎𝑑 − 3𝑏𝑐 = 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑎𝑐 − 3𝑏𝑑 − 3𝑏𝑐 = 𝑎(𝑑 + 𝑐) − 3𝑏(𝑑 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 − 3𝑏)(𝑑 + 𝑐);
3) 2𝑏𝑥 − 3𝑎𝑦 − 6𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑥 − 3𝑎𝑦 − 6𝑏𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑎 + 2𝑏) − 3𝑦(𝑎 + 2𝑏) = (𝑥 − 3𝑦)(𝑎 + 2𝑏)
4) 5𝑎𝑦 − 3𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 − 15𝑏𝑦 = 5𝑎𝑦 − 15𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 − 3𝑏𝑥 = 5𝑦(𝑎 − 3𝑏) + 𝑥(𝑎 − 3𝑏) = (5𝑦 + 𝑥)(𝑎 − 3𝑏).
364-misol. Tenglamani yeching:
1) 𝑥(𝑥 − 4) + 𝑥 − 4 = 0;
𝑥(𝑥 − 4) + (𝑥 − 4) = 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥1 = −1 𝑣𝑎 𝑥2 = 4
2) 𝑡(𝑡 + 7) − 4𝑡 − 28 = 0
𝑡(𝑡 + 7) − 4(𝑡 + 7) = 0
(𝑡 − 4)(𝑡 + 7) = 0
𝑡1 = 4 𝑣𝑎 𝑡2 = −7
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