Community, Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, SOLIDARITY, AND CITIZENSHIP
COMMUNITY – is defined by two characteristics
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Location – community can be defined
simply as a group of individuals bound
within specific geographical location.
– It means that a group of
people living in a specific
area can already be called a
community.
Social Identification – community is an
example of a collective that identifies
common traits, goals, or customs.
COMMUNITY – is a collection of people within
definite geographical location.
BASICS OF A COMMUNITY
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Community is bound because of SELFHELP
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Sense of COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP
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Through COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
individuals can provide their own
contribution.
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While participation is the key, INCLUSION
is one aspect of the community that is
integral in binding the collective into a
whole.
McMillan and Chavis 1976 expounded on
their theory of how communities work.
There are four factors.
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MEMBERSHIP – the feeling of belonging
or feeling of sharing personal relatedness.
Residency, if you are a member of a
certain community then you will/can
enjoy the benefit the community is
offering.
INFLUENCE – this is understood as a sense
of mattering. The basis is to work both
ways. You work for the community and at
the same time the community work over
its members.
INTEGRATION AND FULFILLMENT OF
NEEDS – this means that by becoming a
member of a community, that member
gets what he/she hoped to get by joining.
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SHARED EMOTIONAL CONNECTION – All
communities, being made up of persons,
have their unique story.
SOLIDARITY – the feeling of unity between
individuals.
CITIZENSHIP – The concept of citizenship started in
the city-states of ancient Greece, particularly in
Athens and it was carried over into the Roman
Empire.
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It was regarded as a form of
birthright.
Jus Soli – Law of soil
Jus Sanguini – Law of blood
Natural born Citizen – (Philippines) those who are
citizens of the Philippines from birth without
having to perform any act to acquire citizenship.
Citizenship may have lost or acquired in the
manner provided by law (Naturalization or
renounced)
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF
COMMUNITY
ANTHROPOLOGY- systematic study of the
biological, cultural, and social aspects of man
-derived from two Greek words – anthropos (man)
and logos (study/inquiry)
Fields:
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SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY- studies how
social patterns and practices and cultural
variations develop across different
societies
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY- studies
cultural variation across different
societies and examines the ness to
understand each culture in its own
context
LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY- studies
language and discourse and how they
reflect and shape different aspects of
human society and culture
BIOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY- origins of humans as
well as the interplay between social
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, SOLIDARITY, AND CITIZENSHIP
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factors and the processes of human
evolution, adaptation, and variation
over time
ARCHAEOLOGY- deals with prehistoric
societies by studying their tools and
environment.
– Fossils
– Artifacts
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Communities are driving force for civilization
Human evolution itself came from the mold of
these evolutionary shifts and has drastically
accelerated human development.
Charles Darwin – discovered human evolution
through natural selection.
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Species/Human adapt and
survive through its
environment.
Herbert Spencer – embraced Darwin’s theory
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SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
SOCIOLOGY- scientific study of human societies
– study of human social life, groups and society
that attempt to provide assessment of individual
and group behavior
– derived from the Latin word socius
(companion/associate) and logos (study/inquiry)
In traditional study of sociology, the focus of the
study within the following.
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Survival of the Fittest
EVOLUTIONARY CHAIN
PALEOLITHIC AGE (Old stone age)
– People survived as huntergatherers.
– Crafted tools from rocks
– Discovery of fire, greatest
contribution
MESOLITHIC AGE (Middle stone age)
– Less vital communal function due
to the changing environment
– Horticultural and Agricultural
– The start of communal
settlements.
– Less nomadic and sustainable
way to find food, humans in this
period finally found a way on
how to provide food for
themselves, thus causing the
creation of more populous
communes.
NEOLITHIC AGE (New stone age)
Agrarian – agriculture was more efficient.
Permanent settlement
Period of development where humans
evolved culturally.
Gave birth to the earliest known
civilization, such as MESOPOTAMIA,
EGYPT, CHINA, and INDUS VALLEY, which
later on became the origins of modern
states.
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SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
refers to the systematic ranking of people
based on a scale of social worth. (Bilbao
and Parcon, 2011)
Example: Wealth, Status, Prestige and
Previlege
STRATIFICATION – refer to a system
where people are ranked and evaluated a
superior or inferior based on the
evaluation of WEALTH, AUTHORITY,
PRESTIGE, and POWER.
Social Mobility – is a movement of
individuals or groups from one social
status to another.
– Example: Intragenerational mobility
and Intergenerational mobility
– may be an open or closed system.
OPEN SYSTEM/CLASS SYSTEM
Based on achieved status
Amount of rewards influenced by one’s
own talent and effort
essentially based on individual
achievement or merit
CLOSED SYSTEM/CLOSED SYSTEM
Based on ascribed status
Depends largely on who your parents are
This is composed of ascribed statuses
where societal membership is defined
upon or prior to birth
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, SOLIDARITY, AND CITIZENSHIP
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Permanently assigned status based on
his/her parents’ status. People are locked
into their parents’ social position
Its members strictly follow spiritual and
cultural norms as a way of life. Caste lines
are clearly defined and legal and religious
sanctions are applied to those who
attempt to cross them.
Access to valued resources is extremely
unequal
Mobility from one group to another is not
possible.
Decision making is also based on cultural
and spiritual norms.
At present, it is greatly implemented in
some parts of India.
DEVIANCE
A deviance is behavior that violates
significant social norm.
What may be considered normal behavior
in one culture may be considered deviant
behavior in others.
POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE
POLITICAL SCIENCE- systematic study of the state
and government
-POLITICAL: derived from the Greek word polis
(city)
-SCIENCE: derived from the Latin word scire (to
know)
POWER- the fuel of politics
– the ability to make or to influence
Some say the study of politics is all about the
interplay of power and society.
According to Harold Laswell, can be summed up as
to “who gets what, when, and how.
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POLITICAL SCIENCE views communities as
composed of citizens guided under one
constitution or government.
Individuals are considered as constituents
whose identification can be summed by
their citizenship proven by a contract such
as a birth certificate.
As individual or member we are granted
with various rights and privileges.
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NATION – composed of individuals that
share a common background such as
language, history, or religion.
STATE – a political entity that has four
characteristics. POPULATION, TERRITORY,
SOVEREIGNTY, and GOVERNMENT.
STATE – it has some degree of permanence,
political concept. Government is an element
of the state.
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NATION-STATE – when both nation and
state come together to form a unified body.
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
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People – Inhabitants or population of the
state that comprises its citizens.
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Territory – definite geographical area.
Includes not only the land, but also rivers,
lakes, certain area of the sea. Described as
terrestrial, fluvial or maritime, aerial,
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SOVEREIGNTY – another element of the
state. It is the supreme power of the state
to rule over its citizens within its territory
and be free from control of foreign states.
Authority exercised his power within its
territory. People enjoy their rights. Example
MOVIE NO ESCAPE.
INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
INSTITUTIONS – are grand social structures that are
made up by individuals which, when viewed as a
whole, exhibit patterns of behavior that create
conventions and norms in our society.
Institution these are core establishments that bind
people toward a specific advocacy or goal.
5 PILLARS OF SOCIETY
1. GOVERNMENT
is born from this social agreement among
the governed and by virtue of compliance
and reinforcement, the state gains
legitimacy through its processes.
2. ECONOMIC
Goods are scarce and considered to be
finite. In the market system, these are
transacted by actors whose actions are
dictated by the law of supply and demand.
OIKOS – HOUSEHOLD
NOMOS – MANAGEMENT
ECONOMICS – Social sciences which studies
on the proper allocation and efficient use of
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, SOLIDARITY, AND CITIZENSHIP
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scarce resources to produce commodities
for the satisfaction on unlimited needs and
wants of man.
2 MAJOR BRANCH
• Microeconomics – concerned
about the behavior of individual
actors and their patterns of
consumption.
• Macroeconomics – deals with how
individual agents’ collective actions
correspond to the whole.
RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION
Upon birth, religion, aside from the family
we have, plays a huge part on how we
create our identities.
This is where civilization is built.
The heart of community was primarily the
church, while the state was the brain that
managed the community.
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EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
Education takes up a quarter of our whole
lives.
Basic education paves the way for
individuals to be functional in our society.
The task of school system is to arm with the
needed skills and knowledge in relation
with the demand of our environment.
FAMILY INSTITUTION
Building blocks of our society.
The origin of family goes back to prehistory
and is the factor that bound early
settlements.
CIVIL SOCIETY INSTITUTION
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Commonly referred to as the “third sector”
Spirit of community service (volunteerism)
INTERNATIONAL
Government Organizations
International Organizations
It is a state agency that is directly appointed by the
government to carry out its duties for a specified goal. It
is considered to be permanent as long as the state deems
it is necessary.
Are institutions that are broader than the NGOs and
government organizations. They cover a wide array of
issues including global concerns such as poverty,
malnutrition, and environment.
Government organizations are led by either an
appointed personnel or a career official from their own
rank. These are funded by public funds.
They have international membership and their coverage
also goes beyond state borders or global.
Example: DSWD
Solicits its operational budget from its member states
and groups.
Non-government Organizations
Example: UNITED NATIONS
International Non-government Organizations
Individuals under a democracy have the right to
assembly and one such result of this freedom is the
formation of associations and groups.
The scope of international non-government
organizations covers global concerns and their
operations go beyond states.
NGOs exist outside the control of the state and mostly
have a specific concern or problem. And they support
their operations through donations and contributions
from the public.
They do not have the support of other state actors
instead, they are reinforced by other groups,
philanthropists, and pressure groups that share their own
sentiments and advocacies.
Example: GAWAD KALINGA
Example: GREENPEACE
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, SOLIDARITY, AND CITIZENSHIP
SOCIETAL STRUCTURE
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SOCIAL STATUS – is all about the dynamic of
individual identity relative to its social environment.
ROLE – a set of defined and expected behavior or
norms that is ascribed to a certain social status.
POLITICAL STRUCTURE
Barangay – from balangay (sailboat), a local
government units of the Philippines.
Datu – head of each balangay during pre-Spanish
era.
Reduccion – bigger cluster of towns during Spanish
era.
Cabeza de barangay – part of the ruling upper class
(principalia).
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ROLE OF BARANGAY – serves as the primary
planning and implementing unit of
government policies, plans, programs,
projects, and activities in the community,
and as a forum wherein the collective views
of the people may be expressed, crystallized
and considered, and where disputes may be
amicably settled.
MANNER OF CREATION
By an ordinance of Sangguniang
Panlalawigan
At least 2000 inhabitants
Contiguous territory
BARANGAY OFFICIALS AND OFFICES
Punong Barangay
7 Brgy. Kagawad
SK Chairman
Brgy. Secretary
Brgy. Treasurer
Lupong Tagapamayapa
ECONOMIC STRUCTURE
Societies run on production and consumption. The
economic system of modern communities is the
market economy.
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5 TYPES OF MARKETS
PERFECT COMPETITION
An open market that has an
indefinite number of buyers and
sellers.
Buyers can choose which is best to
suit their interest by freely
determining which one to buy.
MONOPOLY
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Contrasting from perfect
competition.
A kind of market where only one
individual or company has the
capability to produce a muchneeded good or service.
OLIGOPOLY
A market where only a few are
able to produce certain goods or
services.
Producers can easily manipulate
supply and prices for their own
interests.
MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION
Treading between a monopoly and
a perfect competition.
Infinite number of sellers but each
one is properly differentiated from
other competitors in the sphere.
Sellers may charge a little more or
a little less depending on the
offered value addition.
MONOPSONY
There is one buyer and there is an
infinite number of producers.
A monopsony is such a case. Since
there are no other buyers, the
single consumer may control the
prices and let the producers
compete for pricing.
Example: Public bidding
Name:
Description:
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