Formula ekonomi sem 1

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October 18th, 2022

STPM 944/1 EKONOMI KERTAS 1
FORMULA MIKROEKONOMI SEMESTER 1
BIL
KONSEP MIKRO
EKONOMI
FORMULA
1
Kos lepas
Kos lepas barang X = perubahan barang Y
Perubahan barang X
Kos lepas barang Y = perubahan barang X
Perubahan barang Y
2
Fungsi /persamaan
permintaan individu
dan pasaran
Dalam sebutan P
P= R – SQ
Dalam sebutan Q
Qd = a – bP
3
Fungsi / persamaan
penawaran firma dan
pasaran
Dalam sebutan P
P = c + dQ
Dalam sebutan Q
Qs= n + mP
4
Keseimbangan pasaran
Melalui persamaan fungsi permintaan dan penawaran,
keseimbangan dicapai apabila
Qs = Qd
5
6
Keanjalan permintaan
harga.
Darjah-darjah
keanjalan permintaan
harga
Ed = % perubahan kuantiti diminta
%perubahan harga
Q1-Qo
ΔQ
Qo
Qo
Ed= ——– atau
Ed= ——-
P1-Po
ΔP
Po
Po
Permintaan anjal
( ∞ > Ed > 1 )
Permintaan tidak anjal ( 1 > Ed > 0 )
Permintaan anjal satu ( Ed = 1 )
Atau
Permintaan anjal sempurna ( Ed = ∞ )
Permintaan tidak anjal sempurna ( Ed = 0 )
darjah-darjah
keanjalan penawaran
harga
7
Keanjalan permintaan
silang
Nota :Simbol Ed digantikan dengan Es untuk keanjalan
penawaran harga
Es =%perubahan kuantiti X yang diminta
% perubahan harga barang Y
E silang= %ΔQd x = QX1 – QXo ÷ PY1 – PYo
%ΔP y
8
Keanjalan permintaan
pendapatan
QXo
EY = % perubahan kuantiti yang diminta
% perubahan pendapatan
Ey= %ΔQd
= Q1 – Qo ÷ Y1 – Yo
%ΔY
9
Keanjalan penawaran
Pyo
Qo
Yo
Es=% perubahan kuantiti ditawarkan
% perubahan harga
Es= %ΔQs
%ΔP
10
Utiliti Sut
= Q1- Qo ÷ P1 – Po
Qo
Po
Utiliti Sut = Perubahan Jumlah utiliti
Perubahan kuantiti
MU = ΔTU
ΔQ
Bagi kes satu barang
Utiliti Sut = Harga
MU x = P x
Utiliti Sut per ringgit
setiap brg,
MU
P
Bagi kes dua barang atau lebih, syarat keseimbangan
pengguna ialah
1.
MU x = MU y ……..= MU z
Px
Py
Pz
2. Jumlah pendapatan = jumlah perbelanjaan
Y
Jumlah Utiliti
≥ PxQx + PyQy+ …PzQz
Jumlah Utiliti = Jumlah Utiliti X + Jumlah Utiliti Y
= TUx + TUy
11
Lebihan pengguna
= ½ (P X Q)
12
Fungsi pengeluaran
jangka panjang
Qx = f (T,B,M,P)
13
Fungsi pengeluaran
jangka pendek
Qx =f (T,B)
(andaian hanya 2 faktor pengeluaran sahaja, tanah dan
buruh)
14
Keluaran Purata
= Jumlah Keluaran
Jumlah Input Berubah
AP = TP
TVC
15
Keluaran Sut / Marginal
= Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran
Perubahan Jumlah Input Berubah
MP = ΔTP
ΔTVF
16
Jumlah Kos
= Jumlah Kos Tetap + Jumlah Kos Berubah
TC = TFC + TVC
17.
Kos Tetap Purata
= Jumlah Kos Tetap
Jumlah Keluaran
AFC = TFC
Q
18.
Kos Berubah Purata
= Jumlah Kos Berubah
Jumlah Keluaran
AVC = TVC
Q
19.
Kos Purata
= Jumlah Kos
Jumlah Keluaran
AC = TC atau
AC = TFC + TVC
Q
Q
Atau
20.
Kos Sut / Marginal
AC = AFC + AVC
= Perubahan Jumlah Kos
Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran
MC = ΔTC
atau
MC = ΔTVC
ΔQ
21.
Jumlah Hasil
ΔQ
= Harga X Kuantiti Keluaran
TR = P x Q
22.
Hasil Purata
=Jumlah Hasil
AR = TR
Jumlah Keluaran
23.
Hasil Sut
Q
= PerubahanJumlah Hasil
Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran
MR = ΔTR = ΔP X ΔQ
ΔQ
24
25
= ΔP
ΔQ
Dalam pasaran
persaingan sempurna
Harga = Hasil Purata = Hasil Sut
Keluaran Fizikal Purata
= Jumlah Keluaran Fizikal
P = AR = MR
Jumlah Faktor Pengeluaran
APP = TPP
TF
26
Keluaran Fizikal Sut
= Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran Fizikal
Perubahan Jumlah Faktor Pengeluaran
MPP= ΔTPP
ΔTF
27
Jumlah Hasil Keluaran
= TPP1 – TPP o
TF 1 – TF o
=Jumlah Keluaran Fizikal X Harga Keluaran Fizikal
TRP= TPP X P
28
Keluaran Hasil Purata
= Keluaran Fizikal Purata X Harga Keluaran Fizikal
ARP = APP X P Atau ARP = TRP
TF
29
Keluaran Hasil Sut
=Keluaran Fizikal Sut X Harga Keluaran
MRP = MPP X P
Atau
MRP= ΔTRP = TRP 1 – TRP o
ΔTF
30
Jumlah Kos Faktor
TF 1 – TF o
= Bilangan faktor diminta X Harga faktor
TFC = TF X Pb
31
Jumlah Kos faktor
(buruh)
= bilangan buruh X harga / upah buruh
Kos Purata Faktor
= Jumlah Kos Faktor
= Qf X Pf
Bilangan faktor
AFC = TFC
TF
32
Kos Sut Faktor
= Perubahan Jumlah Kos Faktor
Perubahan faktor yang digunakan
MCF = ΔTFC = TFC 1 – TFC o
ΔTF
TF 1 – TF o
Dalam pasaran persaingan sempurna,
ACF = MCF = P
33
Jumlah keuntungan
firma
Untung = TRP – TCF
34
Upah Benar
=
100
X Upah Wang
Indeks Harga Tahun Semasa
Upah wang = upah nominal
35
Sewa Kuasi
= Jumlah Hasil – Jumlah Kos Berubah
36
Kadar Bunga
=Jumlah Kos Meminjam (Jumlah Bunga) X 100
Jumlah Modal
37
Kadar Bunga Benar
=Kadar Bunga Nominal – Kadar Inflasi
38
Untung Perakaunan
= Jumlah Hasil – Jumlah Kos
39
Untung Ekonomi
=Jumlah Hasil – (Kos Eksplisit + Kos Implisit)
…

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Formula ekonomi sem 1

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