Lesson 2 STS (Intellectual Revolutions)

Lesson 2 | Intellectual Revolutions
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
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Pertains to the period of paradigm shifts or changes in the scientific beliefs that has been
widely embraced and accepted by the people
The 3 Revolutions that Defined the Society
1. Ideas of known intellectuals
2. Information revolution
3. Cradles of Early Science
GEOCENTRISM
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Cladius Ptolemy
Book entitled Almagest (The greatest)
“Earth is a stationary sphere at the center of a vastly larger celestial sphere that revolves at a
perfectly uniform rate around Earth, carrying with it the stars, planets, Sun, and Moon – thereby
causing their daily risings and settings”
In the 6th century, Ptolemy introduced the geocentric model where it showed that the Earth is
the center of the universe of the universe which was thought to be true by most of the people
at that time.
Geocentrism
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The Earth was at the center
Accepted by society
Holy Scriptures state that the Earth is at the center, not the Sun
Retrogade motion
Planets would look like it travels backward across the sky over several nights of observation
A mere illusion due to the speed of revolution
IDEAS OF KNOWN INTELLECTUALS
1. Copernican Revolution
NICHOLAS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)
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Born on February 19, 1473, in Warmia, Poland
Studied to be a canon but was interested with math and astronomy instead; also
studied medicine and law
Published book in 1532, “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”
Copernicus is an Astronomer who contradicts the geocentric model and proposed the
Heliocentric Theory where planets revolve around the sun
The change from the belief of geocentric to heliocentric happened through
contributions of other important persons such as:
▪ Brahe’s observation of the star Cassiopeia
▪ Kepler stated that the planets move in elliptical orbits and the sun at the center
▪ Galileo Galilei developed telescope and observed Venus
▪ Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation
The Copernican revolution influences conceptual changes in cosmology, religion,
physics, and philosophy
Lesson 2 | Intellectual Revolutions
HELIOCENTRISM
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The center of the solar system is the Sun, not the Earth
Earth’s rotation accounted for the rise and setting of the sun
The cycle of seasons was caused by Earth’s revolutions around the sun
Explained retrograde motion
Copernican model simplified the orbits of the planets
Supported by Galileo Galilei in 1632
Published “Dialogue on the Two World Systems”
Was under house arrest for committing heresy against the Catholic Church
People thought that Earth was created first before all other things
But after 350 years, apology was issued by Pope John Paul II
Copernican Revolution
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People accepted the model, marking the birth of modern astronomy
Society’s thoughts and beliefs got transformed
2. Darwinian
o Brought a great impact on how people approach Biology forever
o This revolution provided a different than the “theory of Creation” The Darwinian
revolution started when Charles Darwin published his book “The Origin of Species” that
emphasizes that humans are the result of an evolution
CHARLES DARWIN
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In 1831, he participated in a voyage aboard HMS Beagle
Galapagos Islands – he collected finches
Formulated the theory of natural selection
Published “On the Origin of Species”
Accused of blasphemy
Theory of Evolution
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The “fittest” individual organisms are more likely to survive and reproduce
They pass on these desirable characteristics to their offspring, and it may
become more common in a population, so species change over time
Populations pass through a process of natural selection or adaptation in which
only the fittest would survive
Controversial since contradictory to the divine theory
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3. Freudian
o Revolutionize Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud; includes the “Freudian Theory of
Personality” that involves the human development contributes to his/her personality
and also his “psychoanalysis” that is the process for achieving proper functioning if a
human does not complete his/her developmental stage
o Sigmund Freud – an Austrian neurologist
▪ Founder of psychoanalysis
▪ Study that explains human behavior and emotionsPsychoanalysis
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Lesson 2 | Intellectual Revolutions
Events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our
personality
Psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating some mental disorders
The Case of Anna O
The Case of Anna O
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Bertha Pappenheim
Patient suffers from hysteria
Made her recall forgotten memories of traumatic events
She had developed a fear of drinking when a dog she hated drank from her
glass
When she had the opportunity to make these unconscious thoughts conscious
her paralysis disappeared
The Psyche
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Personality is a product of id, ego, and superego
Id – pleasure principle (Eros – life instinct and Thanatos – death instinct)
Ego – reality principle; to satisfy the demands of the id in a safe socially
acceptable way
Superego – morality principle; behave in a socially responsible and acceptable
manner
INFORMATION REVOLUTION
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Technology has been prevalent
“Computer age”
Sumerian pictographs
Gutenberg’s printing press
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
Meso-American
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Aztecs established great military force
Aztecs – small rectangular area of fertile land to grow crops
Use of rubber in game called “tlatchtli”
Cocoa beans as a currency
Mayan Calendar
“quipos” are used to book-keeping
“mita system” – labor service that takes for in road and bridge construction
It has contributed a lot of ideas or discoveries for Archaelogy
The temples and pyramids left a lot about of Architecture that leads us to study more of
it.
Middle East
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Watermill – known as Noria
Windmill and watermill
Book of Badic-al Zaman ibn al-Razaz al-Jazari
Steam power
Blueprint of a six piston-pump
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Lesson 2 | Intellectual Revolutions
The revolutions in the Middle East were a product of the development and growth of
individual nationalism, imperialism, for the efforts to westernize and modernize Middle
Eastern societies, and to push the declining power of the Ottoman Empire in the Arab
region.
Asia
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Chinese medicine acupuncture
Herbal medicine
Compass
Gunpowder
Papermaking
Printing
Alchemy
The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom and independent
nationhood along the improvement brought by it internally.
African
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Kola nuts and coffee
Plants with salicylic acid for pain
Kaopectate (diarrhea)
Operating autopsies and caesarian
Experimentation in drainage, construction of polders, desalination, and irrigation.
The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa
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