New micro review version

Gram Positive Cocci
Organism

Morphology

Biochemical tests Diseases

Additional
information

Staphylococcus
aureus

Creamy yellow
on BAP, smooth,
and clearing of
the blood agar
(beta-hemolysis).

Catalase +
MRSA, TSS,
Coagulase +
Furuncles, cellulitis,
Voges- Proskauer and bulbous
+

Usually found in
the naris, axillae,
vagina, pharynx,
and other skin
surfaces.
Nonmotile, nonspore formidably ,
oxidase –, and
facultative
anaerobic.
Mannitol is used to
grow S. Aureus.

Staphylococcus
epidermidis

Medium sized,
white, opaque,
flat colonies, and
gamma
hemolysis.

Catalase +
Coagulase –
Bacitracin R
Novobiocin S
H2S +
Methyl Red –
Urease –
Voges-Proskauer
+

Nonsocomial UTIs,
prosthetic
valves/devices,
indwelling catheters,

One factor that’s
involved in
adherence is polygamma-DLglutamic acid
which proofs a
protective
advantage against
host defenses. It’s
found in skin and
mucous membrane.

Staphylococcus
saprophyticus

Large, entire,
very glossy,
smooth, opaque,
convex, and white
to yellow

Catalase +
Coagulase –
Bacitracin R
Novobiocin R

Associated with UTIs Usually found after
in women.
intercourse.

Staphylococcus
lugdunensis

Small, yellow or
gold
pigmentation, 3-5
day’s incubation,
and gamma
hemolysis.

Catalase +
Nitrate reduction
+
Ornithine
decarboxylase +
PYR +
Oxidase –
Slide coagulase +

Endocarditis,
septicemia,
meningitis, skin and
soft tissue infection,
UTIs, and septic
shock.

Known to have the
mecA gene. The
organism can grow
in rich media at 30
to 40 degrees
Celsius. It’s found
in skin and soft
tissue infections.

Streptococcus
pyrogens

Small,
transparent,
smooth, and well
defined beta
hemolysis.

Catalase –
PYR +
Bacitracin S
CAMP –

Strep throat,
Rheumatic fever, and
acute
glomerulonephritis.

Streptolysin S
causes the clearing
of the blood cells
in the plate.
Erythrogenic toxin
produces the
characteristics
found in Scarlet
Fever.
It’s found I’m
respiratory, skin
lesions, blood, and
sputum.

Streptococcus
agalactiae

Grayish, white,
mucoid colonies,
and a zone of beta
hydrolysis.

Catalase –
PYR –
Bacitracin R
CAMP +
Hippurate
hydrolysis +

Neonatal meningitis
and abortions.

For treatment it’s
usually penicillin
that’s given as a
drug of choice. It’s
usually found in
vagina or rectal.

Streptococcus
pneumoniae

Round,
glistening, wet,
mucoid, dome
shaped, and
produces large
zone of alpha
hemolysis.

Optochin S
Bile esculin S
Vancomycin S
Bacitracin S
PYR –
CAMP –
6.5% NaCl –

Pneumonia and
meningitis

Viridians

Small and
surrounded by
zone of alpha
hemolysis.

Optochin R, bile
esculin R
Vancomycin S
Bacitracin R
Hippurate
hydrolysis –
PYR –
CAMP –

Gingivitis, dental
Normal microbiota
caries, and subacute of Upper
bacteria endocarditis. Respiratory tract,
female genital
tract, and
gastrointestinal.
Also can be
fastidious.

Enterococcus spp.

Sphere/oval shape Bile esculin S
with alpha
6.5% NaCl S
hemolysis.
PYR +

UTIs, endocarditis,
and bacteremia.

It appears as GPC
diplococci, or it’s
slightly pointed or
lancet shaped.
Penicillin is the
drug of choice. It’s
found in both the
nose and throat.

Haemophilus and other fastidious Gram Negative Bacilli
Organism

Morphology

Biochemical
tests

Diseases

Additional
information

Haemophilus
influenzae

Gray, raised,
smooth
colonies. Mousy
and/or bleach
like odor on
chocolate agar.

Oxidase +
Catalase +
Glucose
required
Nitrate +

Pneumonia
Bacterial
meningitis
Epiglottis
Cellulitis
Osteomyelitis

There’s an effect
that grows
around S.
Aureus and it’s
called satellite
phenomenon.

Haemophilus ducreyi

Small, flat,
smooth,
nonmucoid,
transparent to
opaque
colonies, or the
colonies can
appear tan or
yellow on
chocolate agar.
Microscopic
may show pale
staining G –
coccobacilli
arranged singly
or in
clusters/groups.

Oxidase –
Catalase –
ONPG –
Glucose -,
sucrose-,
mannose-,
fructose-,
mannitol-,
maltose-,
Xylose-, and
lactose –

Genital Ulcer
Disease or
GUD.

It’s the causative
agent of
chancroid, it’s
highly
communicable
sexually
transmitted
genital ulcer
disease or
GUD.

Haemophilus
parainfluenza

Tannish, dry,
and medium to
large colonies

Catalase
variable
Oxidase +
Esculin –
Nitrate +
Glucose +
Sucrose +

Pneumonia and
endocarditis.

Factor V is
required for
Haemophilus
parainfluenza

Aggregatibacter
aphrophilus

Yellow, raised,
convex,
granular, an
opaque zone
near the center
on chocolate
agar.

Catalase Oxidase
variable
ONPG +
Esculin –
Nitrate +

Dental plaque, Foam-loving or
gingival
Co2 (high)
scraping,
concentration.
congestive heart
failure, and
embolism.

Aggregatibacter
Small colonies
actinomycetemcomitan that adhere to
s
agar.

Catalase +
Oxidase
variable
Factor V & X
(R)
Urease –
Indole –
Esculin –
Citrate –
Glucose +

Subacute
bacterial
endocarditis,
periodontitis,
systemic
infections, and
arterial plaques.

Found in
endogenous
animal biota. It
also doesn’t
grow on MAC
agar. It’s also
seen normal
human
microbiota.

Cardiobacterium
hominis

Smooth,
opaque,
adherent to
agar.

Oxidase +
Catalase –
Indole –
Glucose +
Mannitol +
Sucrose +
Maltose +
Urease –
Nitrate –
Gelatin –
Esculin –

Endocarditis,
meningitis, and
heart valves
infection.

Found in
normal nares,
mouth, and
throat
microbiota. It
grows slowly on
SBA and
Choclate agar.
No growth on
MAC agar.
Choice of
treatment is
penicillin and
an
aminoglycoside.

Eikenella corrodens

Pits on the agar. Catalase –
Oxidase +
Glucose Maltose –
Sucrose –
Lactose –
Ornithine +

Periodontitis,
meningitis,
empyema,
pneumonia,
osteomyelitis,
arthritis, and
post-operative
infections.

Normal biota of
the mouth and
bowel cavities.
The smell it
gives off is a
bleach-like
odor.

Kingella Kingae

Spreading and
corroding or
smooth and
convex.
Large white to
beige with beta
hemolysis
colonies on
SBA.

Catalase –
Oxidase +
Glucose +
Maltose +
Sucrose –
Lactose –
Nitrate –

Endocarditis,
septic arthritis,
osteomyelitis,
spondylodiscitis
, and
bacteremia.

Does not grow
on MAC agar. It
can vary for
optimal growth
at 42 degrees.

Legionella

Buffered
Charcoal Yeast
Extract: grayish
white, blue
green, convex,
and glistening
colonies. Young
colonies will
appear ground
glass.

Urine antigen
test, Direct
Fluorescent
Antibody test,
and DNA
detection.

Legionnaires
disease.

Found in
waters, hot
springs, and
mud. Bronchial
washing,
sputum, and
bronchoalveolar
lavage are
usually the
specimen to
collect this
infection. Does
not grow on
SBA and needs
L-cystine for
growth.

Bordetella pertussis

On bordet
gengou agar:
small, domed,
and glistening
colonies that
resemble
bisected pearls.
With variable
beta hemolysis.

Catalase +
Oxidase +
Urease –
Nitrate –

Whooping
cough

To isolate
bordetella spp.
It needs Bordet
gengou agar to
grow bordetella.

Bordetella
parapertussis

On bordet
gengou agar:
small, domed,
and glistening
colonies that
resemble
bisected pearls.
With variable
beta hemolysis.

Catalase +
Oxidase –
Urease +
Nitrate –

Milder
symptoms of
whooping
cough

To isolate
bordetella spp.
It needs Bordet
gengou agar to
grow bordetella

Bordetella
brochiseptica

Small, gray to
white, shiny
colonies on
blood agar

Catalase +
Oxidase +
Nitrate +

Infectious
bronchitis in
animals

It’s rarely seen
in humans.

Neisseria spp. & Moraxella catarrhalis
Organism

Morphology

Biochemical tests

Diseases

Additional
information

Neisseria
gonorrhoeae

Small, gray/white,
translucent, raised
with entire edge,
usually easily
emulsified.

Catalase +
Oxidase +
Glucose +
Lactose –
Maltose –

Gonorrhea

Specimen
collection for men:
urethra
Specimen
collection for
women:
endocervix.
Needs Chocolate
and MTM agar for
growth.

Neisseria
meningitidis

Colorless to gray,
convex, smooth
colonies.

Catalase +
Oxidase +
Glucose +
Maltose +
Lactose –

Meningitis

Drug of choice for
meningitis is
penicillin. For
meningitis CSF
must be collected.

Moraxella
catarrhalis

Smooth, opaque,
gray to white
colonies on
chocolate and blood
agar.

Catalase +
Oxidase +
Glucose Maltose Lactose –
Nitrate +
Nitrite +
DNase +
Butyrate esterase +

Upper
respiratory tract
infection, acute
otitis media,
sinusitis,
endocarditis,
meningitis,
bacterial
tracheitis.

It can grow at 3537 degrees Celsius
but can grow best
at 28 degrees
Celsius. It’s
collected from
middle ear
effusion,
nasopharynx, sinus
aspirates, sputum
aspirates, or
bronchial aspirates.
It’s commensal of
upper respiratory
tract.

Neisseria cinera

Small, grayish white,
translucent, raised
with entire edge and
slightly granular. It’s
been said it
resembles
gonorrhea.

Catalase +
Oxidase +
Glucose –
Maltose –
Lactose –

Recurrent
bacterial
peritonitis.

It lacks the yellow
pigmentation. It
also helps
differentiate
between
flavescens. Found
in nasopharynx.

Neisseria
flavescens

Yellow, convex,
smooth colonies.

Catalase +
Oxidase +
Glucose Maltose Lactose –

Septicemia,
necrotizing
pneumonia,
empyema, and
pneumonia.

It can grow at 22
degrees Celsius on
both SBA and
chocolate agar.
Usually found in
pharynx.

Neisseria lactamica Small, grayish white
(with yellow rings),
translucent, slightly
butyrous.

Catalase +
Oxidase +
Glucose +
Maltose +
Lactose +

Arthritis,
septicemia, and
bacteraemic
pneumonia.

It’s been said it can
resemble
meningitidis only
smaller. Found
usually in
nasopharynx of
both infants and
small children. It’s
rarely found in
adults. Grows on
MTM and ML
Agars. It can grow
at 37 degrees
Celsius.

Neisseria mucosa

Catalase +
Oxidase +
Glucose +
Maltose +
Lactose –
Sucrose +
Fructose +

Children
pneumonia and
endocarditis.

It can grow on
SBA and chocolate
agar at 22 degrees
Celsius. It’s found
usually in
nasopharynx.

Large, gray to buff
yellow, translucent,
mucoid, vicious,
smooth surface, and
entire edge.

Neisseria
polysaccharea

Small, gray,
translucent, raised
colonies.

Catalase +
Oxidase +
Glucose +
Maltose +
Lactose –

Unknown

It can grow on an
agar at 35 degrees
Celsius. Found in
nasopharynx of
infants and
children. Can grow
on MTM and MT
Agars.

Neisseria sicca

Large, gray white,
opaque, deeply
wrinkled, dry,
irregular, crumb like
colonies.

Catalase +
Oxidase +
Glucose +
Maltose +
Lactose –
Sucrose variable
Fructose +

Peritonitis,
meningitis,
pneumonia, and
spondylitis.

Usually found in
nasopharynx,
saliva, and sputum.
Grow on agar at 35
degrees Celsius.

Neisseria subflava

Small, greenish
yellow or yellow,
smooth surface with
entire edge.

Catalase +
Oxidase +
Glucose +
Maltose +

Bacteremia,
It’s usually found
meningitis,
in nasopharynx.
septicemia, and
septic shock.

Neisseria elongata

Large, grayish white
with yellow tinge,
low convex, claylike
colony, difficult to
emulsify.

Catalase –
Oxidase +
Glucose –
Maltose –
Lactose –

Endocarditis
and
osteomyelitis

Usually found in
nasopharynx.
Grows on SBA and
Chocolate Agars at
22 degrees Celsius.
Also grows on
nutrient Agars at
35 degrees Celsius.

Neisseria weaveri

Small, semiopaque,
with smooth
appearance.

Catalase +
Oxidase +
Glucose –
Maltose –
Lactose –

Dog bite
infection.

It’s usually found
in dogs oral
microbiota.

Bioterrorism organism
Organism

Morphology

Testing

Diseases

Additional
information

Bacillus anthracis

Nonhemolytic,
ground glass,
irregular, and
medusa head.

Catalase +
Glucose +
Mannitol –
Arabinose –
Xylose –
Lecithinase
producer
Sent to LRN
reference
laboratory.

Skin anthrax
(cutaneous),
gastrointestinal
anthrax
(ingestion), and
pulmonary anthrax
(inhalation).

Gram positive,
aerobic, endospore
producer. It can be
transmitted by
ingestion,
inhalation, and
cutaneous.
Collecting
specimen include:
lesion fluid,
eschars, blood, and
cerebrospinal
fluid. It’s sensitive
to penicillin.
Grows in high salt
concentration and
low pH. When to
check for motility
use wet mount
technique or
motility test
medium. India ink
on blood can be
used to detect
anthracis.

Yersinia petis

Nonhemolytic,
flattened edges,
raised center,
mucoid, and fried
egg appearance.

Catalase +
Oxidase –
Urease –
Sent to LRN
laboratory

bubonic plague,
septicemic plague,
and pneumonic
plague.

For growth it
needs to sit 48-72
hours before
visible growth
appears. It also
grows on Mac
agar.

Francisella
tularensis

Tiny, grayish
white, opaque,
butyrous and
smooth colonies
on chocolate agar

Catalase +
Beta-lactamase +
Factor V & X (R)
Urease –
Oxidase.

Ucleroglandular
disease and
ulcerative lesion.

Optimal growth
needs cysteine.
Some Agars that
work include:
Chocolate,
Modified ThayerMartin, cysteine
heart, and buffered
charcoal yeast
extract. It’s a slow
grower.mit won’t
grow on Mac agar.

Greenish blue,
medium sized,
butyrous and
smooth colonies
on Cysteine Heart
Agar.

Brucella species

Small, circular,
smooth, convex,
nonpigmented, and
nonhemolytic.

Catalase +
Oxidase +
Nitrate reduction
Urease +

Undulant fever,
goat fever, bang
disease,
Mediterranean
fever, Gibraltar
fever, and Malta
fever.

B. Melitensis
(goat/sheep)
B. Suis (swine)
B. Canis (dogs)
Broken skin,
ingestion of
infected, &
inhalation

Burkholderia
species

Pinpoint or small,
grey (24 hours)
Grey, smooth,
translucent (48
hours) for B.
Mallei

Catalase +
Oxidase +
Indole –
Polymyxin (R)
ADH +

Glander disease
and melioidosis

Found in horses,
donkeys, and
mules. Specimen
collection include:
blood, bone
marrow, sputum,
bronchial alveolar
lavage, abcesses,
urine, and serum.
Must be incubated
at 35 degrees
Celsius in 5% CO2
doe 5 days. Can
use MALDI-TOF
for confirmation
for B.
Pseudomallei.

Smooth and
creamy (24 hours)
Dry/mucoid,
smooth, and
creamy (48 hours)
B. Pseudomallei

Coxiella burnetii

None

PCR assays

Q fever

Seen in cattle,
goats, and sheep.
Specimen
collection include:
blood, serum,
tissue, and body
fluids. Acute phase
produce high titers
to phase II
antigens. Chronic
have high titers
with phase I
antibodies.

Clinical Virology
Organism

Structure

Mode of
transmission

Disease(s)

Treatment/immuni Vaccinatio
ty
n

Adenoviridae
(Adenovirus)

Naked
Double
stranded
DNA

Aerosols,
fomites, oralfecal, and
personal
contact.

Acute
respiratory
disease,
conjunctivitis,
and acute
hemorrhagic
cystitis.

Require no
Oral
specific treatment. vaccination
Immunity is
.
given.

Herpes simplex
virus 1 & 2

Double
stranded
DNA

Personal
contact,
sexually
transmitted,
and placenta
crossing.

Oral herpes
(mainly 1 and/or
2)
Genital herpes
(mainly 2 and/or
1)
Neonatal herpes
(mainly 2)
Herpes simplex
virus
encephalitis (2 in
children and 1 in
adults)
Ocular herpes
(mainly 1)

Oral/genital
herpes treated
with acyclovir,
valacyclovir, and
famciclovir. Not
curable
Ocular herpes can
be treated with
antiviral eye
drops.

Unknown.

Epstein-Barr
Virus
(Lymphocryptovirus)

Double
stranded
Virus

Infected saliva Infectious
mononucleosis

Natural remedy

Unknown

Varicella Zoster Double
Virus
stranded
(Varicellovirus) DNA

Droplet
inhalation and
direct contact
with lesion

Varicella
(chickenpox)
and Zoster
(Shingles)

Acyclovir and
valacyclovir to
help treat
chickenpox and
shingles. It’s also
self treatable

Varivax for
chickenpox
Zostavax
for shingles

Human
herpesvirus 6
(Roseolovirus)

Double
stranded
DNA

Infected saliva,
droplet
inhalation, and
infected
individuals

Roseolo
infantium,
exanthem
subitum, and
sixth disease.

Cidofovir and
Foscarnet for
HHV-6.

None

Human
herpesvirus 7
(Roseolovirus)

Double
stranded
DNA

Infected saliva Roseola rash
infection

Natural remedy.

None

Human
herpesvirus 8
(Rhadinovirus)

Double
stranded
DNA

HIV/AIDS
Kaposi sarcoma
related and
sexual contact.

Radiation,
Chemotherapy,
zidovudine,
ritonavir, and
indinavir.

None

Papillomavirida
e

Double
stranded
DNA

Sexual contact Common wart

Surgery,
cryotherapy, and
laser.

Gardasil

Variola virus

Double
stranded
DNA

Droplet, skin
Smallpox
to skin,
infected saliva,
infected blood
products, and
fomites.

None

None

Monkeypox
virus

Double
stranded
DNA

Transmitted by MonkeyPox
Gambian Rat

None

None

Reoviridae
(Rotavirus)

Double
stranded
RNA

Oral fecal
transmission

Viral
Drinking fluids
gastroenteritis in help with
infants and
dehydration.
children

RotaTeq a
series of 3
doses.
Rotarix is
also
another
vaccination
.

Colorado Tick
Fever Virus
(Clotivirus)

Double
stranded
RNA

Infected
animal hosts
include: Deer,
Squirrels, and
rabbits.

Colorado Tick
Fever Virus

None

Arenaviridae

Single
Stranded
DNA

Infected
rodents. Also
zoonotic
infection.

Last fever and
None
lymphocytic
choriomeningitid
is virus

Ribavirin is
used to
treat Lassa
fever.

Bunyaviridae

Single
Stranded
RNA

Arthropod
transmission

Rift Valley
None
fever, lacrosse
virus, California
encephalitis, and
Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic
fever

Vaccinatio
n are
limited.

Caliciviridae

Single
Stranded
RNA

Foodborne,
waterborne,
and person to
person
contamination

Human
gastroenteritis

None

None

Coronaviridae

Envelope
d, helical,
Single
Stranded
RNA

Animal
infection

Middle East
respiratory
syndrome.

None

None

None

Filoviridae

Single
Stranded
RNA

Infected
monkeys

Ebola virus Zaire None
strain, Ebola
virus Sudan
strain, Ebola
virus Reston,
and Ebola virus
tai forest strain

None

Flaviviridae

Single
Stranded
RNA

Mosquito
transmission

Classic dengue
None
fever and dengue
hemorrhagic
fever.

None

Orthomyxovirid Single
ae
Stranded
RNA

Droplet and
infected upper
epithelial cells
in upper
respiratory
tract.

Influenzavirus
A, B, and C

Zanamivir and
oseltamivir

TIV
(inactivate/
killed) or
LAIV3/4
(live
attenuated)

Parainfluenza
virus

Single
Stranded
RNA

Laryngotrache PIA-, 2, and 3
o-bronchitis,
bronchiolitis,
and pneumonia
in children.

Aerosolized
ribavirin

None

Mumps virus

Envelope
d Single
Stranded
RNA

Droplets

Mumps

Advil or Aleve

MMR

Measles virus

Envelope
d Single
Stranded
RNA

Droplets

Rubeola

None

Edmonston
-B strain.

Respiratory
Syncytial Virus

Single
Stranded
RNA

Droplets or
fomites

Croup,
bronchitis,
bronchiolitis,
and interstitial
pneumonia.

Ribavirin

None

Human
Metapneumovir
us

Single
Stranded
RNA

Unknown but
it can be
transmitted by
infected
secretions,
droplet,
aerosol, or
fomite vectors

Bronchiolitis

Ribavirin

Retroviridae

Single
Stranded
RNA

Multiple sex
partners, IV
drug user,
infected blood
products, and
placenta
transmission

HIV/AIDS

Highly Active
None
Antiretroviral
therapy (HAART)

Rhaboviridae

Single
Stranded
RNA

Infected
animals

Rabies

None

None

Togaviridae

Single
Stranded
RNA

Mosquito
infected

Encephalitis,
None
Eastern equine
encephalitis, and
Western equine
encephalitis.

None

Hep A virus

Naked,
Single
Stranded
RNA

Fecal-oral
route

Hep A virus

Havrix

Hep B virus

Envelope
d, partial,
Double
Stranded
DNA

Sexual contact, Hep B infection,
bloodborne,
cirrhosis, and
infected
liver cancer.
mucous.

Hep D virus

Defective,
single
stranded
RNA

Sexual contact, Co-infection w/ Supportive care
infected
Hep B infection.
mucous, and
IV Drug user.

Self limited

None

Interferon Alfa,
Recombiva
lamivudine,
x HB.
adefovir dipivoxil,
and entecavir.

None

Hep C virus

Single
Stranded
RNA

Sexual contact Cirrhosis, hep C
and
infection, and
bloodborne
liver cancer.

Ribavirin

None

Hep E virus

Naked,
single
stranded
RNA

Association w/ Hep E infection
Caliciviridae,
fecal-oral
route, and
contaminated
water.

Self limited

None

Clinical parasitology
Organism

Information

Trophozoite

Entamoeba histolytica It causes colitis and
hepatic abscesses. It
lyses and phagocytes
cells. Infected
individuals shed
pieces intestinal
mucosa.
Entamoeba coli

Small, central
karyosome, fine,
evenly distributed
peripheral chromatin.

Commonly found in
fecally contaminated
food and water. In a
wet mount trophozoite
is sluggish and
nondirectional.

Large, eccentric
karyosomes, coarse,
uneven peripheral
chromatin.
Entamoeba hartmanii

Cyst

Its known to be
nonpathogenic. It also
doesn’t cause any
infection. It can be
transmitted cyst form
through fecal-oral
route. Can be found in Small central
contaminated water
karyosomes, fine,
and food.
every distributed
peripheral chromatin.

Large, eccentric
karyosomes, coarse,
uneven peripheral
chromatin.

Small central
karyosomes, fine,
every distributed
peripheral chromatin.

Endolimax nana

Its also considered to
be nonpathogenic. Its
also considered not to
cause any disease.

Large, irregular shared
karyosome no peripheral
chromatin.

Lodamoeba bütschlii

Its not seen
commonly like E. coli
and E. nana.

Large karyosome,
surrounded by
achromatic granules,
and no peripheral
chromatin.

Blastocystis hominis

Large, irregular shared
karyosome no peripheral
chromatin.

One of the most
common intestinal
protozoan and
prevalence of 50% in
developing countries.
Causes abdominal
pain and diarrhea with
no other intestinal
pathogen present. Its
been possibly linked
to colitis and IBS.

Large karyosome,
surrounded by
achromatic granules,
and no peripheral
chromatin.

Naegleria fowleri

Found in Texas,
florida, Virginia, and
California. Found in
swimming in brackish
or muddy water.
Trophozoite can enter
in the nasal cavity by
inhalation of the
water.

Acanthamoeba spp

Its fund in both soil
and water organisms.
Its been linked to
GAE, cutaneous
infections, and amebic
keratitis.

Balamuthia
mandrillaris

Emerging
opportunistic
pathogen that can
cause skin lesions and
GAE. Rarely invades
the nasal cavity.
Treatment includes
multiple
antimicrobials:
fluconazole,
clarithomycin, and
sulfadiazine. Can find
both trophozoite and
cyst by tissue biopsy.

Giardia lamblia

Causative agent of
gastroenteritis and
travelers diarrhea.
Main reservoirs are
beavers. Cysts can
live months in cold
water.

Dientamoeba fragilis

Using metronidazole
clears the organism.
Trophozoite is
transmitted by
ingesting helminth
egg. It also has a coinfection called
enterbius
vermicularis.
Preservation of the
infected stool is
crucial and important.

Trichomonas
vaginalis

Known to be a sexual
transmitted disease. A
pathogen of the
urogenital tract of
both men and women.
Causes
trichomoniasis.

Leishmania spp.

Leishmaniasis is
known to be zoonotic
infection. Its
transmitted by a Sand
Fly.

Trypanosoma spp.

This needs either
blood or CSF to be
infected. Its vector is
tsetse fly. Won’t help
to differentiate in
blood smears.

None

Trypanosoma cruzi

Its also known to be
the causative agent for
Chagas Disease.
Found in rural area in
mexico, Central/South
america. Transmitted
by triatomic bug.

Plasmodium vivax

Considered to be less
severe than
falciparum. Can use
chloroquine for
treatment. Long term
infection can degrade
both liver and spleen.
To complete life cycle
it takes 48 hours.

Plasmodium malariae

Considered to be less
severe than
falciparum. Can use
chloroquine for
treatment. Long term
infection can degrade
both liver & spleen.
Life cycle is known as
quartan, & reproduces
ever 72 hours

Plasmodium ovale

Considered to be less
severe than
falciparum. Can use
chloroquine for
treatment. Long term
infection can degrade
both liver and spleen.
Its not frequently.
resembles Vivax.

Plasmodium
falciparum

Complication with
this illness is
blackwater fever. This
illness is becoming
resistant to
chloroquine. Its
becoming resistant to
other antimicrobials
as well. Reproducing
cycle is irregular and
can be from 36 to 48
hours to complete life
cycles.

Babesia microti

Known to be zoonotic
intraerythrocytic
infection. Usually
transmitted by a tick.
Non reportable
disease to the CDC.
Can diagnose with
either Wright or
Geimsa thin blood
smear. Titer of IgG
greater than 1:1024
indicates an active
infection.

Toxoplasma Gondii

Its an obligate
intracellular parasite.
It can cause serious
complication when
infected. Can be
transmitted by cat
poop, undercook
meats, or unwashed
fruits/vegetables.

Cystoisopora belli

Is an opportunistic
organism.
Indistinguishable
between
cryptosporidium spp.
Infection is self
limiting. Infected
poop requires 24-48
hours outside the
body to be infective.
Modified acid fast
stain is used to detect
this organism.

Cyclospora
cayetanensis

Known to be both
foodborne and
waterborne organism.
Outbreaks seen in
Nepal, Peru,
Guatemala, and Haiti.
For poop to be
infective it needs to be
1-2 weeks outside the
body.

Microsporidia spp.

Its an obligate
intracellular parasites
in both invertebrates
and other animals.
Linked to
complication with
HIV patients. Can
infect variety of
human organs.

Fasciola hepatica

Also called the Sheep
liver fluke. Mostly
seen in sheep-raising
area of the US. In
sheep its known to
liver damage also
known as liver rot.

Fasciolopsis buski

Known to be as the
giant intestineal fluke.
Seen mostly in China,
Vietnam, and India.
Dogs and pigs known
to be the main
reservoir for this
parasite.

Paragonimus
westermani

It is also called the
Lung Fluke. Found in
southeast asia, Latin
america, and Africa.
Sputum is mainly
used to detect the
parasite.

Schistosoma mansoni

Found mainly in
Africa, parts of South
america, West Indies,
and Puerto Rico. It
lives in the mesentery
and large intestines.

Schistosoma
haematobium

Primarily found in
Nile Valley, Middle
east, and East Africa.
It lives in the veins of
the bladder.

Schistosoma
japonicum

Found in Japan,
China, Phillipines. It
lives in the small
intestine.

Diphyllobothrium
latum

Also been known as
the Fish Tapeworm.
In the US its seen in
the Great Lakes. Life
cycle of this parasite
is a hybrid of both
flukes and tapeworms.

Taenia spp.

It can be found in
Beef (saginata) and
pork (solium)
tapeworm. Both
parasites can be
identical.

Hymenolepis nana

It is called the Dwarf
tapeworm. Can infects
mainly in children. Its
usually transmitted by
fecal-oral route.

Hymenolepis
diminuta

Known to be the Rat
Tapeworm. Its usually
acquired by ingesting
flea that is infected
with the parasite.

Dipylidium caninum

Its named as the Dog
Tapeworm. For
children to transmit
this parasite is by
ingesting the larva of
fleas. Some of the
eggs group as one.

Enchinococcsis
granulosus

Also seen in sheepraising areas globally.
When cyst ruptures
can liberate large
amounts of allergic
that can possibly elicit
an anaphylactic
response.

Ascaris lumbricoides
fertile/ infertile

Fertile: Bile Stained
shell, bumpy,
mammillated.
Infertile:
Mammillated and
Thin Shell.

infertile
fertile
Enterobius
vermicularis

Its often referred as
the Pinworm.
Commonly seen in
children at the ages 510 years old. Risk
factors inadequate
personal/community
hygiene. Parasite can
be easily transmitted.

Trichuris trichiura

Commonly in soiltransmitted parasite.
Also known as the
Whip Worm. Eggs are
passed in poop. It
requires 14 day
incubation in warm,
moist soil.

Hookworm

Most common
parasite is the
hookworm. There are
two different types of
hookworms which
are: Necator
americanus (New
World) and
Ancylostoma
duodenale (Old
World).

Strongyloides
stercoralis

Its named as the
Threadworm. It
usually inhabits in the
small intestine.
Endemic include:
Southeast Asia, Latin
america, and subsaharan Africa.

Trichinella spiralis

It usually infects the
muscle tissue.
Infection is usually
undercooked meats.
Its life cycle is usually
in the human
intestine.

Larva migrans

There are two forms
of this parasite which
exist in humans which
are: Cutaneous
(creeping eruption)
and visceral.
Primarily seen in
children ages 1-5
Cutaneous
years old.

Wuchereria bancrofti

Causative agent of
both Bancroftian
filariasis and
elephantiasis.
Transmitted by
mosquito (aedes).

Brugia malayi

Transmission usually
is aedes, mansonia,
anopheles. Usually
found in Korea,
Chine, and
Philippines.

Loa loa

Known to be as the
Eyeworm. Its usually
transmitted by
chrysops fly breed.

Onchocerca volvulus

Its referred as the
River Blindness.
Found in Africa,
South/Central
america. Infection is
usually by a black fly
bite.

Mansonella ozzardi

Usually transmitted
by midges culicoides.
Found in blood.

Mansolnella perstans

Usually transmitted
by midges culicoides.
Found in blood.

Mansonella
streptocerca

Usually transmitted
by midges culicoides.
Found in skin.

Dracunculus
medinensis.

Causes serious
infections. Found in
Middle East, parts of
Africa, and India. Its
transmitted by guinea
worm. Metronidazole
is usually the drug of
choice.

Medically Significant Fungi
Organism

Yeast, Mold,
or Both

Malassezia furfur

Yeast

Morphology

Diseases

Culture media Additional
and temp
information

Dandruff

SBA with
olive oil
supplement. 5
days require at
30-35 degrees
celsius.
Sabouraud
dextrose is
needed.

special
nutritional
requirements
of this
organism.
Grows poorly
at 25 degree
celsius. Known
to be called the
Sun Fungus.
Treatment is
Topical
antifungals.

Black piedra

28-30 degree
celsius on
sabouraud
dextrose.

Its occurs on
the hairs of the
scalp. Its
endemic in
areas of Africa,
Asia, and Latin
America.

Microscope.

Media: Cream,
moist, and
smooth.

Piedraia hortae

Mold

Microscopic

Media:
Greenishblack, limited,
pointed
colonies.

Trichosporon spp.

Yeast

white piedra

sabouraud
dextrose with
olive oil and
at 35 degrees
celsius.

Its endemic in
South america,
Africa, and
parts of Asia.
Mainly found
in normal skin
biota of both
animals and
soil.

Tinea nigra

It grows on
SGA
(sabouraud
glucose agar)
at 20-40
degrees
celsius for 28
days.

It doesn’t cause
inflammatory
response or
infect other
tissue with
itself.

Athletes Foot

Unknown

Infection is
contracted by
carpet, shower,
or other
environment.
treatment is
topical
medication.

Microscopic

Media:
smooth/wrinkl
ed, moist/dry,
creamy/velvet.

Hortaea werneckii

Mold

Microscopic

Media: Shiny,
moist, yeastlike, brown to
greenish-black
colonies.
Tinea pedis

Mold

microscopic

Epidermophyton
floccosum

Yeast

Athletes foot

sabouraud
dextrose agar,
Slow grower,
greenish-black
or khaki
colored,
suede-like
surface, raised
and center
folded.

It produces one
size of conidia
which is
Macroconidia.
It resembles
that of a
beavers tail. Its
notorious for
developing
pleomorphic
tufts of sterile
hyphae in
older cultures.

Dermatophytosis

Grows best at
25 degree
celsius. Its
usually grown
on a potato
dextrose agar.
fluffy, white,
opposite side
grows lemon
yellow
pigment.

Usually found
in both cats
and dogs. Its
found
worldwide
distribution.

Microscopic

Media:
greenish-black
or khaki
colored, suedelike surface,
raised and
center folded

Microsporium canis

Mold

microscopic

media: fluffy,
white, opposite
side grows
lemon yellow
pigment.

Microsporium
gypseum

Mold

microscopic

Mold
infections in
both human
and animals

Optimal
growth is 37
degrees
celsius. Grows
on Sabouraud
dextrose agar,
Flat,
spreading,
suede-like,
granular, deep
cream-fluffy
white to pale
cinnamon
color red
surface.

Its soil base
infection. It
prefers humid
and warm
temperatures to
grow. Grows
on dead tissue
of animals and
humans.

Tinea capitis
and tinea
corporis
infection

Grows best in
room
temperature. It
also grows on
sabouraud
dextrose agar.
Flat,
spreading,
grayish-black
to light tanwhite color,
and dense
suede-like to
downy
surface, with
mouse fur as
texture.

Its slow
growing
anthropomorph
ic
dermatophyte.
Some isolates
form
chlamydoconid
ium like
swelling
terminally on
hyphae.

Media: Flat,
spreading,
suede-like,
granular, deep
cream-fluffy
white to pale
cinnamon
color red
surface.

Microsporium
audouinii

Mold

Microscopic

media: Flat,
spreading,
grayish-black
to light tanwhite color,
and dense
suede-like to
downy surface,
with mouse fur
as texture.

Trichophyton
mentagrophytes

Yeast

Nail infection

Sabouraud
Mostly seen in
dextrose agar: Mice and
Flat,
Rodents.
Cream/white,
powdery/gran
ular surface.

Nail fungus

Sabouraud
dextrose
media:
Flat/slightly
raised,
white/cream,
suede-like,
yellow brown
to whine red
on reverse.

Microscopic

Media: Flat,
cream to white
color, powdery
to granular
surface. Can
grow yellow
brown to
reddish brown
on the reverse
plate.

Trichophyton
rubrum

Mold
microconidia

macroconidi
a

Known to
produce 3/8celled cylindric
macroconidia.
Its smaller than
T.
mentagrophyte
s. Its also
known as a
worldwide
distribution.

Trichophyton
tonsurand

Mold

Tinea capitis
in children
worldwide

Sabouraud
dextrose agar:
Suede-like to
powdery, flat,
raised center
or folded, pale
buff to
yellow-yellow
brown- red
brownish to
deep
mahogany

Its been said
colonies form
rust colored
pigment on the
reverse side. It
usually infects
skin, hair, and
nails.

Verrucous
dermatitidis

Sabouraud
dextrose agar:
olivaceous
black, suedelike surface.

Most
commonly
seen in tropical
and subtropical
regions of
americas and
africa. In US,
texas and
louisiana.

microscopic

Media: Suedelike to
powdery, flat,
raised center or
folded, pale
buff to yellowyellow brownred brownish
to deep
mahogany.

Chromoblastomyco- Yeast
sis

microscopic

media:
olivaceous
black, suedelike surface.

Sporothrix schenckii Yeast

Blastomyces
dermatitidis

sporotricho-sis grows on any
media which
includes any
containing
Microscopic
cycloheximide
. It grows
good 37
degrees in a
CO2
incubator.
Media: moist,
Media: moist,
glabrous,
glabrous,
wrinkled and
wrinkled and
folded surface.
folded surface.

Both

Gilchrist
disease

Microscopic

Media

Sabouraud
dextrose agar:
fluffy white,
wrinkled/folde
d, glabrous,
yeast-like.

Its grown in
warm, arid
area like
mexico.

When growing
at 22 degrees it
can grow
colony
morphology. It
can grow
slowly and
rapid.

Histoplasma
capsulatum

Both

microscopic

Histoplasmosi
s, Darling
Disease,
Spelunkers
Disease, and
Cave Disease.

Sabouraud
dextrose agar:
Slow grower
at 25 degree
celsius, White
or buff brown,
suede-like to
cottony, with
pale yellow
brown on
reverse.

Its high
endemicity is
Ohio,
Missouri, and
Mississippi
river deltas. It
lives in soil
that contains
high levels of
nitrogen
content.

Valley Fever

Its rapid
growth, whitetan-dark gray,
alternating
one-celled
barrel shaped.

Its endemic in
San Joaquin
Valley,
Maricopa/Pima
arizona and
southwester
texas.

Media: White
or buff brown,
suede-like to
cottony, with
pale yellow
brown on
reverse.

Coccidiodes immitis Both

microscopic

Paracoccidiodes
brasiliensis

Both

microscopic

Penicillium
marneffei

Both

Microscopic

Media:
Yellow-pink
colonies
distinctive red
diffusible
pigment.

Lutzsplendore
Almeida
disease, and
South
America/Brazi
lian
Blastomycosis

Slow grower
in Sabouraud
dextrose agar
at 25 degree
celsius.
Colonies: Flat,
wrinkled/folde
d, glabrous,
suede-like or
downy
texture, white
to brown on
reverse.

Its a
progressive
chronic fungal
disease that is
endemic in
Centeral/South
america.

Molluscum
Contagiosum

Yellow-pink
colonies
distinctive red
diffusible
pigment.

Its usually
common
systemic
infection to
those that are
immunocompromised.
When it
disseminates to
other parts of
the body it
usually is fatal.

Cunninghamella
spp.

Mold

Mucormycosis

Rapid grower
forms cottony
colonies that
are white at
first then turn
gray as it
grows.

This organism
can be
recovered from
Sinuses and
other organs
when it
disseminates.
Its found in the
environment.

Mucormycosis

Wooly, rapid
grower, white
then gray
brown with
age.

Its found in
diabetic
patients
suffering from
keto-acidosis.
It causes
thrombosis and
necrosis of
tissues.

Mucormycosis

Rapid grower,
cottony, dirty
white then
becomes
mousy brown
to gray with
age.

Its commonly
found in the
environment. It
is an asexual
reproduction.

microscopic

Lichtheimia spp.

Mold

microscopic

Mucor spp.

Mold

Microscopic

Rhizopus spp.

Mold

Mucorales

Media:
Woolly,
colonies that
cover the
surface. It is
white that goes
to gray then
brown with
age.
Syncephalastrum
spp.

Mold

Rapid grower,
Woolly,
colonies that
cover the
surface. It is
white that
goes to gray
then brown
with age.

Its also found
in ketoacidosis or
diabetic
patients. This
organism is
extremely
refractory to
treatment.

Great toe nail White and
onychomycosi become gray
s
with age.

Its found
mainly in soil
and decaying
vegetation. At
times its
confused for
aspergillus.

Aspergillosis

its second most
isolated fungus
after candida
spp. 90%
mortality of
those
immunocompromised.
Infections
starts when
someone
inhales the
fungal conidia.

microscopic

media: White
and become
gray with age.
Aspergillus spp.

Mold

microscopic

Rapid grower,
white, yellow,
brown to
black, or
shades of
green.

Beauveria spp.

Yeast

keratitis

Slow grower,
downy, white
at first and
turns a yellow
pinkish color.

Its mainly
found in
vegetation and
in soil. Its
uncommonly
associate with
keratitis.

Dermatomycosis

Colonies are
hyaline with
moderate
growth with
age and can
show shades
of pink, gray,
or tan
pigment.

Its recovered
by nail and
skin lesions.
Found in the
environment
worldwide.

Mycotic
keratitis

Rapid grower, Mainly
hyaline fungus recovered in
with various
blood cultures.
colors with
age.

Pulmonary
disease in
immunocompromised
patients

white to
cream, and
yeastlike.

At times it can
resemble
Coccidioides
immitis.

Chronic
fungal
sinusitis

flat, granular,
velvety to
shades of tan.

Ubiquitous in
nature. This
fungi can be
recovered at
any location
worldwide.

microscopic

Chrysosporium spp. Mold

microscopic

Media:
Fusarium spp.

Mold

microscopic

Geotrichum

Yeast

Microscopic
Paecilomyces

Mold

microscopic

Scopulariopsis spp.

Mold

microscopic

Trichoderma spp.

Mold

microscopic

Alternaria spp.

Mold

Microscopic

Onychomycos Moderate
is
grower, tan to
buff conidia
colonies.

Its also
recovered in
the
environment
worldwide. It
implicates
pulmonary
disease in
immunocompr
omised
patients.

Pulmonary
Rapid grower,
and skin
green, and
infections in
granular.
immunocompr
omised
patients.

Its a new
emerging
pathogen in
immunocompr
omised patient
that can cause
a range of
infection.
Found in
environment
worldwide.

Chronic
fungal
sinusitis

Most of the
times this
organism can
be confused
for bacterial
sinusitis. Can
be found
worldwide on
grasses and
leaves.

Rapid grower,
colonies from
shades of
gray, brown,
to black.

Aurebasidium spp.

Yeast

Peritonitis

Moderate/Rap
id, yeast
consistency,
white/pink,
black when
organism
ages.

Its a rare
infection. Its
mainly found
in
contaminated
dialysis lines.
Also recovered
in wet
conditions
such as shower
tiles and water
lines.

Central
Nervous
System
Infection.

Moderate/Rap
id grower,
dirty gray,
phaeoid with
age.

This infection
is mainly
identified as
IV drug users.
Found in
environment.

laboratory
contaminant

Slow/Moderat
e grower,
phaeoid,
granular
velvet to
fluffy, olivebrown or
black.

It is confined
in sinuses.
ubiquitous in
nature. Its
found in any
location in the
world.

Chronic
sinusitis

Rapid grower,
phaeoid
colony,
appears dirty
gray to black.

Its found
worldwide in
grass, leaves,
and decaying
vegetation.

Microscopic

Chaetomium spp.

Mold

microscopic

Cladosporium spp.

Mold

Microscopic

Curvularia spp.

Mold

microscopic

media

Phoma spp.

Mold

Phoma blight

Moderate
grower, gray
to brown
colonies.

Usually
inoculated by
secondary to
traumatic.

microscopic
Pithomyces spp.

Mold

Facial eczema Rapid grower
and phaeoid
colonies

Usually
inoculated by
secondary to
traumatic.

Hay Fever and Rapid grower,
subcutaneous brown to
infertions.
olivaceousblack, suedelike to
floccose.

Implicated
subcutaneous
infection by
traumatic
inoculation.

Thrush

Varies

Found
normally in
mucosa biota,
skin, and
digestive
system.

meningitis,
pulmonary
disease, and
septicemia.

Mucoid
colonies

Major cause of
opportunistic
infections with
AIDS. Found
in pigeon
droppings.

septicemia,
Variable
endocarditis,
meningitis,
and peritonitis.

Known have a
bright salmon
pink color.
Also they are
nitrate + and
urease +.

microscopic
Ulocladium spp.

Mold

microscopic

Candida spp.

Yeast

microscopic
Cryptococcus spp.

Yeast

microscopic

Rhodotorula spp.

Yeast

microscopic

Enterobacteriaceae
Organism

E. coli

K.pneumoniae

K.oxtyca

K.ozaenae

E. cloacae

E. aero-genes

Information

Mainly found in
urinary tract and
the GI tract.
There’s an
uropathogenic and
5 different
diarrheogenic E.
coli.

It’s the frequent
cause of lower
respiratory tract
infection
among
hospitals.
Newborns,
elderly, and
immunocompromised
patients can be
on respirator.

Normally
isolated from
nasal
secretions
and cerebral
abscesses.

Most
common
isolates. Can
be recovered
from wounds,
urine, blood,
and CSF.

Most
common
isolates. Can
be recovered
from wounds,
urine, blood,
and CSF.

Diseases

UTIs, Infantile
diarrhea,
hemorrhagic
diarrhea,
Dysentry, &
travelers diarrhea.

Blood stream
infections,
UTIs, and
meningitis.

Atrophic
rhinitis and
nose tissue
destructive
disease.

Highly
associated
with the
plasmidmediated
extended
spectrum
beta
lactamase.
It’s a
contributing
factor of anti
microbial
resistant
hospital
acquired
infections.
Rhinoscleroma
and ozena.

Bacteremia,
lower
respiratory
tract
infections,
skin/soft
tissue
infections,
UTIs, and
endocarditis.

Bacteremia,
lower respiratory tract
infections,
skin/soft
tissue
infections,
UTIs, and
endocarditis.

Virulence
factor

P pilus,
pathogenicity
islands, shiga
toxins, invasin,
and LT.
A/A H2S+
+
–

A/A H2S+/+

A/A H2S+
+

A/A H2S+
–

K/A Gas (+)
+

K/A
+

Citrate
Phenylalanine deaminase

+
–

+
–

+/-

+
–

+
–

H2S
Urease
Motility

+
–

+
–

+/-

W+/+

+

TSI
Indole
Methyl Red
VoguesProskauer

+

Acid
production
DNase
Nitrate Nitrite
Kovacs
Oxidase
ONPG
Organism

+

+

+

+

+

+

+
–

+
–

+
–

+
–

+
–

+
–

+
P. Penneri

+
P. mirabilis

+
P. vulgaris

+
P.
Alcalifacens

+
P. stuartii

+
P. rettgeri

Information

Does a swarming
effect like p.
Mirabilis on
nonselective
media. It’s isolated
from diarrhea. It’s
found in normal
intestinal
microbiota. It’s an
opportunistic
infection.

Both
mirabilis and
vulgaris can
be isolated by
urine, blood,
and ear.
Known to be
the only
proteus to
produce
indole. Can
be found in
soil, water,
and fecal
matter.

Nosocomial UTIs,
open wounds,
upper/lower
urinary infections,
and acute
glomerulonephritis

TSI
Indole
Methyl Red
VoguesProskauer

K/K H2S +
–

K/A H2S +
+
+/-

Nosocomial
UTIs, open
wounds,
upper/lower
urinary
infections,
and acute
glomerulonephritis
A/A H2S +
+
+
–

Mainly
found in
feces of
children
with
diarrhea. It’s
found in
gastrointestinal
tract.
Alcalifacens,
stuartii, and
rettgeri are
documented
pathogen in
the urinary
tract.
Wound
infections,
UTIs,
abscesses,
indwelling
device
infections,
and gastroenteritis.
K/A H2S +
+
–

Along with
rettgeri are
difficult to
treat with
those that are
immunocompromised.
The reason
being is that
their resistant
to
antimicrobial.
Mainly found
in soil, water,
and sewage.

Diseases

Known to have
a swarming
effect. It’s
found in water
and soil. Urease
activity can
lead to kidney
stones. It’s part
of normal flora
in human
gastrointestinal
tract. Both
mirabilis and
vulgaris can be
isolated by
urine, blood,
and ear.
Nosocomial
UTIs, open
wounds,
upper/lower
urinary
infections, and
acute glomerulonephritis

Wound
infections,
UTIs,
abscesses,
indwelling
device
infections,
and gastroenteritis.
K/A H2S +
+
–

Along with
stuartii are
difficult to
treat with
those that are
immunocompromised.
The reason
being is that
their resistant
to
antimicrobial.
It’s mainly
found in
water and
land
environment.
Wound
infections,
UTIs,
abscesses,
indwelling
device
infections,
and gastroenteritis.
K/A H2S +
+
–

Citrate
Phenylalanine +
deaminase

+
+

+

+
+

+
+

+
+

H2S
Urease
Motility

+
+
+

+
+
+

+

+

+
+

+
+

Acid
production
DNase
Nitrate Nitrite
Kovacs
Oxidase
ONPG
Organism

+

+

+

+

+

+

+
–

+/+
–

+
+
–

+

+

+
–

M. morganii

S. choleraeuis

S. typhi

S.
dysenteriae

S. flexneri

S. Boydii

Information

Haven’t been
implicated in
diarrheal illness. It
does play a role as
an etiology can
agent of diarrheal
disease. It’s motile
but does not
swarm.

It has an animal
reservoir. It’s
found mainly in
cattle and
poultry.

Can infect
through food
and water.
Can produce
the shiga
toxin.
Unhealthy
hygiene can
infect
humans.

Out of the
shigella
species, it can
be treated
with antibiotics. It can
be transmitted
by direct
contact or
oral-fecal
route.

It can be
transmitted
by direct
contact or
oral-fecal
route. It can
survive in
feces, soil,
food, and
water.

Diseases

UTIs and neonatal
sepsis

Systemic
infections and
severe blood
poisoning

Not an
animal
reservoir.
Humans are
only known
to infect other
individuals.
Seen in
tropical and
subtropical
regions. Can
transmit in
water too.
May harbor
in the
gallbladder.
Typhoid
fever

Diarrhea and
Dysentery

Dysentery

TSI
Indole
Methyl Red
VoguesProskauer

K/A H2S +
+
–

K/A H2S +
+
–

K/A H2S +
+
–

Bacillary
dysentery,
colitis,
hemolytic
uremic
syndrome,
and renal
failure.
K/A H2S +
–

K/A H2S +/+
–

K/A H2S +
–

Citrate
Phenylalanine +
deaminase

–

–

–

–

–

H2S
Urease
Motility
Acid
production

+
+
+

+
+
+

–

+

+

+
+
+

DNase
Nitrate Nitrite
Kovacs
Oxidase
ONPG
Organism

+
–

+
–

+
–

S. Sonnei

Y. Petis

Information

It can be
transmitted by
direct contact or
oral-fecal route. It
can survive in
feces, soil, food,
and water. It’s
responsible for
90% of shigellosis.

It’s transmitted
by infected flea
bites and
rodents. The
best growth
temperature is
25-30 degrees
Celsius. It’s a
known
bioterrorism.

Diseases

Shigellosis

Black Plague

TSI
Indole
Methyl Red
VoguesProskauer

K/A H2S +
–

+
–

+
–

+
–

Y.
Y. Pseudoenterocolitica tuberculosis

E. americana

K. ascorbata

It’s seen
mostly in
Europe.
Infection can
acquire from
household
pets. Usually
ingesting
infected
swine, beef,
chicken, and
deli meat.
Optimal
growth is
cold
enrichment at
25 degrees
Celsius.
Acute
enteritis

Fatal in
animals.
Infection is
usually selflimited.
Found in
domestic
birds.
Appears as a
typical
looking
plague
bacillus.

Isolated come
from blood
cultures or
respiratory
specimens. It
also exhibits
resistances to
multiple antimicrobials.
DNA
hybridization
helped
separate
between this
species and
cedeera.

It’s found in
respiratory,
urine, and
blood
cultures.
Shows small
zones of
inhibition.

Psdeuotubercles

K/A H2S +
–

A/A H2S +/+
–

A/A
+
–

Osteomyelitis
and septic
arthritis
Uknown
+
+

Postoperative
infection and
peritonitis.
Unknown
+
+
–

Citrate
Phenylalanine deaminase

–

–

–

+
–

+
+

H2S
Urease
Motility
Acid
production
DNase
Nitrate Nitrite
Kovacs
Oxidase

+

+

+
+

+
+

+
+

+
+

+
–

+
–

+
–

+
–

+
–

+
–

ONPG
Organism

+
K. Cryocrescens

+/L.
adecarboxylata

+
L. grimontii

+
L. richardii

+
M. wisconsensis

+
O. proteus

Information

Shows a larger
zone of inhibition
than thank K.
ascorbata. This
organism is known
to ferment glucose
at 5 degrees.
Where k.
ascorbata can’t
ferment glucose at
that temperature.

Isolated from
blood, urine,
sputum, and
feces. Also it
can be collected
in 27 isolates
from nonhuman
sources. It has
the same
IMViC reaction
as E. Coli. The
only difference
is its negative
for
lysine/ornithine
decarboxylase.

Shown to
produce H2S
and a weak
reaction on a
salmonella
anti- sera.
Clinical
significance
is still
unknown.

Shown to
produce H2S
and a weak
reaction on a
salmonella
anti- sera.
Clinical
significance
is still
unknown.

It resembles
E. coli on
enteric media.
Can be
isolated from
feces.

It’s a
fastidious
organism. It’s
a slow
growing
organism. It
grows at 37
degrees
Celsius. It’s
not found in
human
specimens.

Diseases

Diarrhea and
intestinal
infections
Unknown
+
+
–

Septicemia

Nosocomial
infections

Nosocomial
infect

Unknown

Unknown
+
+
–

Unknown
+
–

Unknown
–

Diarrhea and
gallbladder
infections.
Unknown
+
–

Citrate
+
Phenylalanine deaminase

–

+
–

–

+
–

–

H2S
Urease
Motility
Acid
production
DNase
Nitrate Nitrite
Kovacs
Oxidase
ONPG

+
+

+
+

+
+

+
+

+

+

+
–

+
–

+
–

+
–

+
–

+
–

+

+

–

–

–

–

TSI
Indole
Methyl Red
VoguesProskauer

Unknown
–

Organism

P. luminescens

R. aquatilitis

T. ptyseos

T.
guamensis

Y.
regensburgei

C. freundii

Information

It’s natural habitat
is in lumen
entomopathogenic.
It has a two phase
with luminescence
happening in
phase 1. It’s
pigmentation is
usually either
pink, red, orange,
yellow, or green
pigmentation.
Those
pigmentation can
be seen using
special medians
like trypticase soy
and/or egg yolk
agar.

It’s name was
given to a
group of water
bacteria that’s
psychrotolerant,
being able to
grow at 4
degrees
Celsius.

It was
formerly
known as
enteric
group 90.
It’s mainly
found in the
island of
Guam. It’s
isolated
from human
diarrheal
samples.

It was first
thought that it
was related to
hafnia
species. With
DNA
hybridization
the two
species are
15% related.
To differ
between the
two are by
VP reaction.
Yokenella
hold negative
reaction to
VP.

It’s isolated in
diarrheal
stool cultures.
It’s known to
be extraintestinal
pathogenic
role in
intestinal
disease. It’s
role in
intestinal
disease isn’t
established

Diseases

Severe infections

Wound
infections,
bacteremia, and
septicemia.

Stock
cultures are
to be kept
frozen on
sheep blood
cells. They
die weeks
later on a
slant agar. It
resembles E.
agglomerans.
To
differentiate
these two is
this organism
has a Weak
reaction to
PAD. Large
zones of
inhibition of
penicillin.
Severe sepsis

Unknown

Further
studies
needed to
determine
their
significance
in human
disease

TSI
Indole
Methyl Red
VoguesProskauer

Unknown
+/-

Unknown
+
+

Unknown
–

Unknown
+
–

Unknown
+
–

UTIs,
pneumonia,
and intraabdominal
abscesses. IV
drug abusers
is associated
with endocarditis.
K/A H2S +
+
–

Citrate
+/Phenylalanine deaminase

+
+

+

+
–

+
–

+
–

H2S
Urease
Motility
Acid
production
DNase

+
+

+

+

+
+
+

+
+

+
+
+

–

–

–

–

–

–

Nitrate Nitrite
Kovacs
Oxidase
ONPG

–

+
–

+
–

+
–

+
–

+
–

–

+

–

+

+

+

Name:
Description:

…